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Patho: pulmonary; cardi; hemo; GI; Urinary > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q 
Physiology of the Urinary System: Renal function
Filtration: 
Reabsorption: 
Secretion: 
Regulation of Urine Volume:
A

Filtration: of blood into tubules (nonselective: driven by fluid pressure (hydrostatic BP), we lose things we want)

Reabsorption: tubules in the blood (selective: a lot of water, ALL the glucose, Na+ (SODIUM FOLLOWS WATER))

Secretion: blood into tubules (selective: nitrogenous waste- ammonia, H+ (pH), K+)

Regulation of Urine Volume: through ADH, ANH, aldosterone

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2
Q

How much blood is filtered though the kidney?

What is the signif. of this?

A

20-25% of blood is filtered though the kidney/ min

Shows the importance of a MAP of 60 b/c if it is too high it can cause damage; too low and blood does not get filtered

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3
Q

muscle which forms a layer of the wall of the bladder:? Stimulated by?

A

Detrusor contraction is triggered by parasympathetic

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4
Q

A triangular area, formed by three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder.
What can occure here?

A

Trigone: most common place for bladder infection

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5
Q

What is the purpose of pyramids and medulla in the kidney? Renal papilla?
How does dehydration effect this system?

A
  • purpose of pyramids and medulla is to concentrate
    urin. Drives the flow of urine

-During dehydration- Fluid becomes more concentrated and thus the more water try to retain in the body

-Renal papilla: where urine flows out of the
pyramids into the cavity

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6
Q

Nephron- The functional unit of the kidney:
Juxtamedullary
Cortical

A
  • Juxtamedullary: long loops of Henle create more concentrated urine more often used during dehydration
  • Cortical: shorter loops of Henle
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7
Q

Renal corpuscle consists of what 2 structures?

A

Glomerulus: ball of filtering tubules

Bowman capsule: surrounds Glomerulus, double membrane

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8
Q

Glomerular filtration membrane (3 layers)

A

Capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Capsular epithelium- Filtration Slits

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9
Q 
Glomerular filtration membrane:
Capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Capsular epithelium
Filtration Slits
A

1- Capillary endothelium: outter layer of the capillaries, congruent with basement membrane (innermost of these 3 layers)

2- Basement membrane: inner layer of Bowman’s capsule (the part of the ballooon material touching your fist)

3- Capsular epithelium: Surrounds basement membrane and contains:
-Filtration slits:
(like a colander) collects CELLS which are too large to fit epithelium; and PROTEINS that we do not want to pass into urine. Proteins are small enough to fit through the epithelium but via a shared negative charge they are repealed (like charges repel)

Filtrate passes through the three layers and forms the primary urine

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10
Q 
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA): 
where is it located in the nephron
function
A

Consists of the distal tubule (macula densa cells) and where it touches the afferent arteriole coming out of the glomerulas.
-detects changes in blood flow and pressure to the body system

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11
Q 
Macula densa (MD)
what that are/ located
function
A

Are cells located in the distal tubule where it touches the afferent and efferent arterioles coming out of the glomerulas.

They detect changes in Pressure (BP) and Na+ (osmotic pressure) from the afferent arteriole.
If BP and Na+ decrease that triggers the activation of JG

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12
Q

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
what it is/ located
function

A

Cells between the afferent arteriole and the MD

Renin secretion (RAAS): which regulates the body’s water balance and BP level

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13
Q 
Renal tubules:
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
A

Proximal tubule: primary site for reabsorption of Na+, 100% glucose, and water

Loop of Henle: reabsorbs the rest of water and Na+ via concentration

Distal tubule: secretion of hormones, gets rid of H+, ammonia, K+

Collecting duct: Water and; ECV regulation…reabsorb H20/Na+
pH regulation …HCO3- and H+

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14
Q

Regulation of Urine Volume (3 hormones)

A

RAAS
ADH
Natriuretic peptides (ANH)

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15
Q

Function of:
RAAS
ADH
Natriuretic peptides

A

Renin Aldosterone Angiotensin system (RAAS): works to maintain a low blood volume low BP state in the body.
-starts with the release of renin in kidneys

ADH: pulls water back into blood stream

Natriuretic peptides: promote water and Na+ loss to help lower blood volume and pressure (works opposite from RAAS and ADH)

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16
Q

Function of Filtration

Hint: after afferent, before efferent

A

Movement of water and protein-free solutes from the blood plasma of the glomerulus (Filtration slits stop cells and proteins from passing into urine)

Across the glomerular capsular membrane into space of Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

The NFP is determined by the 4 different concentration gradients / pressures that exist in the kidney:

A

Net Effective Filtration Pressure:

  • GHP (glomerular hydrostatic pressure)
  • GOP (glomerular onoctic pressure)
  • CHP (capsular hydrostatic pressure)
  • COP (Capsular Osmotic Pressure)
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18
Q

Equation for:

NFP

A

NFP = GHP – (Glomerular OP + Capsular HP)

GHP must be > than GOP + CHP (why we need MAP >60)

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19
Q
  • GHP (glomerular hydrostatic pressure)
  • GOP (glomerular onoctic pressure)
  • CHP (capsular hydrostatic pressure)
  • COP (Capsular Osmotic Pressure)
  • Obstruction
A
  • GHP (glomerular hydrostatic pressure): Systemic blood pressure and resistance in the glomerular capillaries. Pressure that drives out of blood into sac. Decreasing GFR
  • GOP (glomerular onoctic pressure): pull of fluid back into glomerular driven by albumin
  • CHP (capsular hydrostatic pressure): push of fluid out of capsule
  • Capsular Osmotic Pressure: negligible amount (b/c no proteins in the capsule to attract osmotic pressure)
  • Obstruction that causes fluid to back up, can cause a reduction of filtration (resulting in kidney stones)
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20
Q

GFR
what it is
what its rate is changd by (2)

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (stable)

GFR is the rate of movement of fluid out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space.

GFR is directly proportional to the NFP but can also be changed by:

  • Vasodilation / vasoconstriction of the afferent and efferent arterioles
  • Changes in Systemic Blood Pressure
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21
Q

We want GFR to be stable over time, but BP is always changing. How is vasoconstriction/ dilation used to maintaine stability?

A

BP decreases= afferent dilates, efferent constricts

BP increases= afferent constricts, efferent dilates

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22
Q

Reabsorption:
what it is
what is being absorbed
where is absorption happening

A

Tubular reabsorption is the movement of ions out of various segments of the tubule back into the blood

Water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids

Via the peritubular blood vessels (travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron)

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23
Q

How does reabsorption take place?

A

As the filtrate moves through the renal tubule, the concentration of the filtrate changes.

As it moves deeper into the medulla, the osmolarity (concentration) increases, and when it ascends the loop of Henle, it decreases, then once again increases while going down the collecting duct.

This “roller coaster” drives the concentration of urine and the reabsorption of Na+ and water back into blood.

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24
Q

What allows for passive transport of water and Na+?

What is Countercurrent Exchange

A

The hyperosmotic condition in the medulla (desending loop of Henle)

Hyperosmotic: hyper=“excessive,” and osmos= “push”

Countercurrent Exchange: reabsorption of H2O. Transport of NaCl (without water) in the thin and thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

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25
Q

Secretion
what it is
what is secreted

A

Tubular secretion is the movement of substances from the peritubular blood and renal tissues into the renal tubule for removal in urine

Secretion of H+, K+, NH3/NH4+, urea

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26
Q

Concentration and 
Dilution of Urine (5)

A 
Urea
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Natriuretic peptides (ANH and others)
Diuretics
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27
Q 
Urea
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone 
Natriuretic peptides 
Diuretics: increase urine output and thus dilution
A

1- Urea: nitrogenous waste, ALSO important for regulating urine function

2- Aldosterone: Pulls Na+ and water from urine back into blood. Urine volume goes down, concentration goes up, blood volume goes up, BP increases

3- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): works in the DCT and CD to pull water out of urine into blood. Urine volume goes down, concentration goes up, blood volume goes up, BP increases, osmotic pressure increases

4- Natriuretic peptides (ANH and others): promote peeing out Na+ and water. Urine volume goes up, urine concentration goes down, blood volume goes down, BP decreases. Blocks the effects of RAAAASTAA

5- Diuretics: increase urine output and thus dilution

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28
Q

RAAS:
what is stands for
what it does
what it is activated by

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

  • A multi organ system that comes together to help the body have a low blood volume low BP state in the body.
  • starts with the release of renin in kidneys
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29
Q

RAAAASTAA

what it stands for

A 
R- Renin
A- Angiotensinogen
A- Angiotensin I
A- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
A- Angiotensin II
S- Systemic Vasoconstriction*
T- Thirst
A- ADH
A- Aldosterone*
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30
Q

Acidification of urine:
what is the pH range of urine (what about the body)

Hydrogen excretion for acidosis/ alkalosis

Ammonia excretion- its pH is controled by what

A

4.6-8.0 (body pH: 7.35-7.45)

Acidosis= increase H+ secretion/ decrease HCO3
Alkalotic= decrease H+ secretion/ increase HCO3

Liver converts into urea, taking away pH nature

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31
Q

Renal hormones (4):

A

Urodilatin (natriuretic peptide)
Vitamin D
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Renin

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32
Q 
What do they do?
Urodilatin 
Vitamin D
EPO
Renin
A

Urodilatin (natriuretic peptide)
Inhibits sodium and water reabsorption
lower BV/ BP

Vitamin D
Necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphate

Erythropoietin (EPO)
Released when decreased oxygen to the kidney

Renin

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33
Q

Tests of Renal Function (3)

A

Clearance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR): filtration and overall kidney function

Plasma (serum) creatinine concentration

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

34
Q

Clearance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-

what it is

A

filtration and overall kidney function

Creatinine: waste product from muscle metabolism, steadily and regularly moved into the blood throughout the day.
The kidney clears creatinine and is used to measure kidney function.

“Creatinine Clearance Test”

35
Q

How the is the “Creatinine Clearance Test” done

A

from urine over 24 hours (refrigerated)= true measurement of GFR.
Want Creatinine Clearance to be higher for normal kidney function b/c it is a waste and want it cleared
(most reflective)

36
Q

Plasma (serum) creatinine concentration:

What are we looking for

A

we want Creatinine Clearance to be lower for normal kidney function b/c it has not been filtered yet. (typically measure urine AND plasma

37
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN):
what it is
what we are looking for
what is the problem with this test

A

urea is a waste product (from the breakdown of ammonia) in the blood: we want BUN to be lower for normal kidney function

Liver also effects the conversion of ammonia to urea (so liver function/ disfunction will effect results).
Urea also comes from protein metabolism and so excessive consumption of protein supplements or excessive exercise can effect BUN levels.

38
Q

4 Ways the Urinary System Fails

A

Obstruction: kidney stones (typically unilateral)

Infection: bacterial infection migration into bladder -or worse into the kidney

Glomerular nephritis: damage and inflammation to our filtration structure

Failure: kidney is not filtering and creating urine

39
Q

Urinary tract obstruction
what is it
anatomic
functional

A

is an interference with the flow of urine at any site along the urinary tract

The obstruction can be caused by an anatomic (structural: stenosis, reflex, stones etc.)

functional (enlarged prostate) defect

40
Q

Upper Tract Obstruction occures where

A

anything out of the kidney and though the ureter

41
Q

Hydroureter:
what it is
what it causes

Hydronephrosis:
what it is
what it causes

A

Hydroureter: The build-up in the ureter.
Dilates ureter and fluid backs up into the kidney leads to….

Hydronephrosis: Excess fluid in the kidney (more concerning).
Fluid dilates the open areas of the pyramids and columns causing a disruption or urine production.
Results in a decrease in GFR b/c of the increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
Increased CHP is caused by the backup of urine in the capsule

42
Q

Compensatory hypertrophy:

A

caused by a unilateral upper obstruction (beneficial response/ good!). Or if person has only one kidney.

43
Q

Post-obstructive diuresis:

A

caused by upper obstruction, that once removed pt. has an increase in urine output. Shows that the obstruction (typically a stone) has passed!
(think of the hole in the dam)

44
Q

The proper name for kidney stones

A

Renal Calculi

45
Q

structurally what are Renal Calculi

How are they classified (3)

A

Masses of crystals, protein, or other substances that form within and may obstruct the urinary tract

Kidney stones are classified according to the minerals comprising the stones

  • Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (most common)
  • Struvite stones
  • Uric acid (pt. w/ Gout are at higher risk. NO relationship with urea!) and cystine stones
46
Q

How are Renal Calculi formed
what is the cause
how does it grow

A

Supersaturation of one or more salts that Precipitates a salt from liquid to solid state.

Caused by urine concentration: caused by diet eg: high calcium, high uric acid, dehydration, dropping body temperature, changes in body pH

Growth into a stone via crystallization or aggregation

47
Q

Uric Acid Foods:

A 
Organmeats: liver, kidney 
Sweetbreads
Red meat
Processed seafood
Beer and red wine
Sugary foods and beverages
Vitamin C
Coffee
48
Q

Renal Calculi Manifestations (3)

A
  • Renal colic
  • Dysuria
  • Hematuria
49
Q
  • Renal colic
  • Dysuria
  • Hematuria
A
  • Renal colic (recurrent patters): intense recurrent sever flank pain w/ radiating pain b/c of stone obstruction. most common.
  • Dysuria: intense pain with peeing. May cause n/v from and pain
  • Hematuria: blood in urine
50
Q

Renal Calculi Treatment (3)

A
  • High fluid intake (create more urine, increasing pressure and helping to pass stones)
  • Decreasing dietary intake of stone-forming substances
  • Stone removal (ultrasound, surgery)
51
Q

Lower Tract Obstruction occures where

A

anywhere from the bladder to the urethera

52
Q

Neurogenic bladder:
what it is
cause

Obstruction of bladder outlet or urethra
Urethral stricture, prostate enlargement, pelvic organ prolapse (more common in females)

A

loss of function of the bladder to contract and move urine out of the body

Dyssynergia

53
Q

Dyssynergia
what it is
what it cuases (2)

A

Dyssynergia: CNS damage or disfunction (most common). Loss of command to the smooth muscle of the bladder (detrusor)

  • Detrusor hyperreflexia
  • Detrusor areflexia
54
Q

Detrusor hyperreflexia:

Detrusor areflexia:

A

Detrusor hyperreflexia: muscle of bladder are over activated and contract too early- increased frequency of urination, decreased urine volume

Detrusor areflexia: Loss of reflex by the bladder- Decrease in frequency, increase in volume. May fill to the point of sudden contraction and release.

55
Q

Who is highest risk for urinary tumors

A

smokers and older males

56
Q

Renal tumors (2)

A

Renal adenomas: uncommon, benign

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): highly malignant and metastatic

57
Q

Bladder tumors
what it is
s/s

A

Gross (huge amount), painless hematuria (blood in urine), benign.
Diff. from bladder infection which is painful.

58
Q

What is a UTI

Acute cystitis
Acute and chronic pyelonephritis

A

UTI is inflammation of the urinary epithelium primarily caused by bacteria

Acute cystitis: bladder inflammation

Acute and chronic pyelonephritis: kidney inflammation, -pyelo= pelvis, has spread to pelvis

59
Q

What is the most common pathogen causing a UTI

Who is more predisposed to UTIs

A

Most common pathogen is Escherichia coli: b/c most UITs come from the external environment.

This predisposes women to be at higher risk due to a shorter distance from anus to vaginal opening PLUS a short urethra

DM pt. are at high risk b/c of year in the urine (bacteria loves sugar)

60
Q

Acute cystitis:
what is it
Manifestations

Noninfectious cystitis:

A

Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder

Manifestations
Frequency, dysuria, urgency, and lower abdominal and/or suprapubic pain

Cloudy urine (main symptom, due to inflammatory exudate), fever, hematuria also can be common

Noninfectious cystitis: due to viral or autoimmune disease (uncommon)

61
Q

“blood in urine”

A

hematuria

62
Q

Pyelonephritis

what it is

A

A UTI that generally begins in your urethra or bladder and travels to one or both of your kidneys

63
Q

Acute pyelonephritis

chronic pyelonephritis

A

Acute pyelonephritis
Acute infection of renal pelvis and/or kidney interstitium
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas
Common causes: renal calculi, ureteral reflux, pregnancy, neurogenic bladder, catheterization

Chronic pyelonephritis
Persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis that leads to scarring: impairs kidney function

Risk of chronic pyelonephritis increases in individuals with renal infections and some type of obstructive pathologic condition

64
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Glomerulonephritis (primary disorder)
Inflammation of the glomerulus
Effects filtration leading to GFR impairment

65
Q

Primary glomerular injury
Secondary glomerular injury

Acute vs Chronic

A

Primary glomerular injury
Isolated inflammatory response in kidney

Secondary glomerular injury
Caused by some other systemic disease
Eg: DM, HTN

Acute (short rapid) vs Chronic (slow continuous, systemic disease- DM, HTN)

66
Q

Glomerulonephritis
Mechanisms of glomerular injury
Causes (3)

A

inflammation of the glomeruli

Mechanisms of glomerular injury: ALL BILATERAL b/c systemic conditions= more concerning!

Type III (post strep infection), Type II (Lupus), DM/HTN

67
Q

Glomerulonephritis
3 causes:
ACUTE: Type III
CHRONIC: Type II and nonimmune

A

1- Deposition of circulating soluble antigen-antibody complexes, often with complement fragments: Type III hypersensitivity
Often from β-hemolytic streptococcal infection (post strep infection)

2- Formation of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane: Type II hypersensitivity
Ex. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

3- Nonimmune (metabolic disorders, toxins, ischemia)
Most commonly from diabetes, and prolonged hypertension

68
Q

Glomular Disorders

4 outcomes to causes

A

1- hypertension, edema:
2- elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) & creatinine, reduced creatinine clearance
3- Nephrotic Syndrome
4- Nephritic syndrome

69
Q

What does decreased GFR result in
What is the most common protein…
what does this result in

A

Increased glomerular capillary permeability and loss of negative ionic charge barrier result in passage of plasma proteins into the urine

The most common protein that passes from urine is albumin
Resulting hypoalbuminemia encourages plasma fluid to move into the interstitial spaces (loss of capillary oncotic pressure- COP)

70
Q

Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR):
1- Demonstrate onset of hypertension, edema: b/c…

2- elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) & creatinine, reduced creatinine clearance: b/c…

A

1- Hypertension, edema: b/c of decreased filtration rate and urine production- fluid and Na+ is staying in the body (edema)- increases pressure in the body (HTN).

2- elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) & creatinine, reduced creatinine clearance: b/c of decreased filtration rate and urine production- they are not being moved out of the blood.

71
Q 
Loss of filtration slits:
3- Nephrotic Syndrome
what is it
what is happening
s/s
A

Excretion of 3.5 g or more of protein in the urine per day (should have none!)
The protein excretion is caused by glomerular injury
s/s severe peripheral edema

72
Q

4- Nephritic syndrome

A

(less common)
Hematuria with mild proteinuria
Caused by immune attack against glom. causing injury (infection)

73
Q

2 types of Renal Failure:

A

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Chronic Renal Failure (CKD)

74
Q

AKI

what it is, what has happened

A

Acute Kidney Injury

-Sudden decline of kidney function

75
Q

CKD

what is it, what has happened

A
  • Chronic Renal Failure

- Irreversible loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ systems, over a period of time (chronic effects)

76
Q

GFR declines because of the decrease in filtration pressure

2 possible results

A

Oliguria: production of abnormally small amounts of urine
Anuria: no urine production

77
Q

hypovolemic

A

decreased plasma volume

78
Q

Acute Kidney Injury:
common cause
Less common cause
What happens with GFR

A
  • Most commonly caused by impaired renal blood flow: most likely due to major blood loss or hypovolemic show that decreases blood flow and BP (MAP).
  • Others (less common) include inflammation, obstruction or toxins
  • GFR declines because of the decrease in filtration pressure, causing oliguria and anuria
79
Q

Chronic Renal Failure
causes (4)
Outcomes from the cause (6)
End result

A

Causes: HTN, diabetes, lupus, other kidney diseases

  • Proteinuria and uremia
  • Creatinine and urea clearance
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Anemia
  • Hypocalcemia

Pt. has to go on dialysis, supplement EPO, Vit. D, transplant list. w/o tansplant the pt. will die

80
Q 
Chronic Renal Failure:
what is occuring with each of there outcomes?
-Proteinuria and uremia 
-Creatinine and urea clearance 
-Fluid and electrolyte balance 
-Acid-base balance
-Anemia
-Hypocalcemia
A
  • Proteinuria and uremia (increased protein in urine and urine in blood= increased BUN)
  • Creatinine and urea clearance (Kidneys are not filtering= decreased clearance)
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance (not able to eliminate resulting in imbalance)
  • Acid-base balance
  • Anemia (EPO in made in the kidney= decreased production)
  • Hypocalcemia (low vit. D released by the kidney= decreased calcium production)

Patho: pulmonary; cardi; hemo; GI; Urinary (10 decks)

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