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Patho: pulmonary; cardi; hemo; GI; Urinary > Cardi Phys > Flashcards

Cardi Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Which side of the heart is responsible for Pulmonary circulation
Pumps blood through the lungs back the heart
under lower pressure

A

Right side

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2
Q

Which side of the heart is responsible for Systemic circulation
Pumps blood through the entire body
Under greater pressure b/c it has more structures and a further distance to push blood

A

Left side

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3
Q

What is the name of the cavity where the heart sits in thorax

A

Mediastinal

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4
Q

Describe the layers of the heart wall (3)

A

1) Double wall Pericardium:
Parietal Layer (outer most fibrous layer)
Pericardial cavity and fluid
Visceral layer (hugs the heart) aka epicardium

2) Myocardium (the cardiac muscle)
3) Endocardium (lines the internal chambers of the heart and the valves extend off of it)

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5
Q

what are the 2 Atrioventricular valves (separate the atria from ventricles)

A

Tricuspid valve- right

Mitral (bicuspid) valve- left, under greater pressure to prevent blood flowing back into the left atrium

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6
Q

What position should the AV valves be in for systole/ diastole?

A

AV valves should be closed during systole to prevent back flow in the atrium.

Open during diastole to allow for blood to pass into ventricles.

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7
Q

what are the 2 Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonic semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve

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8
Q

What position should the semilunar valves be in for systole/ diastole?

A

Semilunar valves should be open during systole to allow blood to move out into the body tissues.

Closed during diastole to allow for filling and to prevent blood flowing in from the ventricles

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9
Q

Right coronary artery: function and the 3 branches

A

branch off of the aorta and supplies the heart with fuel
Conus
Right marginal branch
Posterior descending branch

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10
Q

Left coronary artery: function and the 2 branches

A

Left anterior descending artery (LAD feeds the majority of the Lft. heart muscle, can lead to widow-maker, MI)
Circumflex artery

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11
Q

Coronary Arteries function

A

Feed the heart muscle cells

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12
Q

Coronary veins function

A

drain blood to the right atrium

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13
Q

3 Coronary veins

A

Coronary sinus: sits at the back of the heart and drains back into right atrium

Great cardiac vein

Posterior vein of the left ventricle

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14
Q

What are the 4 The Great Vessels

A

1) Superior venae cavae and inferior venae cavae
2) Pulmonary artery
3) Pulmonary veins
4) Aorta

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15
Q

Superior/ inferior venae cavae function

A

Superior: drains the head, neck and arms.
Inferior: drains trunk and legs.

Both brings blood back to RA.

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16
Q

Pulmonary artery function

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries (right and left lung)

Arteries that carry de-oxygenated blood to lungs

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17
Q

Pulmonary veins function

A

carry oxygenated blood to the heart

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18
Q

Aorta function

A

sends oxygenated blood to the systemic system

19
Q

Which ventricle is under great pressure, right or left? Why?

A

The Lft. ventricle generates about 5X the pressure that the Rt. ventricle does. This is due to the difference in distance blood has to be pumped from the Lft. (systemic) compared to the Rt. (lungs)

20
Q

List the pathway of nodes/ fibers of the Conduction system? (5)

A

Sinoatrial node (SA) Upper Rt. Atrium

Atrioventricular node (AV)

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

Right and left bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

21
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA) Upper Rt. Atrium function

A

pacemaker cells, can generate and initiate their own action potential. Wave of depolarization across top (atrium) and down the heart (contraction)

22
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV) function

A

slow down the impulse to allow atrium to fully contract before ventricles contract. This allows verticals to fully fill

23
Q

Bundle of His (AV bundle) function

A

speed up impulse

24
Q

Purkinje fibers function

A

Talk to individual ventricles to contract from the bottom up. Forcing blood out of the aorta and into the pulmonary trunk

25
Q

Cardiac innervation: what neurotransmitter is used for the Sympathetic nerves/ Parasympathetic nerves? What is the result?

A

Sympathetic: turning up HR via eip/norepi

Parasympathetic: turning down HR, ACH

26
Q

Order for vessels of blood flow (7) from the heart to the lung and back:

A

ARTERIAL
Arteries
Arterioles

Capillaries at the lung

VENOUS
Venules
Veins

27
Q

Layers of Vascular Anatomy

A

Lumen

Tunica intima: inner most layer (endothelium)

Tunica media: smooth muscle (larger in arteries b/c under great pressure and can change vasodilation)

Tunica externa: outer layer (adventitia)

28
Q

Factors affecting blood flow (2)

A

Pressure (BP) and resistance

29
Q

Resistance from vessels:
how it is created
diameter change and its relation to BP

A

the equal and opposite force against the hydrostatic pressure (Opposition to force)
Diameter and length of the blood vessels contribute to resistance
Change in diameter via vasodialation (decrease resistance), vasoconstriction (increase resistance). Direct relationship on BP.

30
Q

Factors affecting blood flow (3)

A

Velocity: changes in diameter

Laminar vs. turbulent flow

Vascular compliance- stretch in vessel walls

31
Q

BP = CO x PR

A

BP: force forward and against the vessel wall
CO: amount of blood ejected per min
PR: peripheral resistance- the overall amount of RESISTANCE in the body (vasodilation/ vasoconstriction)

32
Q

CO = HR x SV

A

Cardiac Output: (L/min) Volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or pulmonary circuit in liters per minute

HR: beat/ min
SV: stroke volume (L/beat) amount of blood ejected out of the heart per beat

33
Q

Preload:

A

The blood in the ventricle when it fills.
Left ventricular end-diastolic volume.

another way to say it: how much blood is in the LV (stretch and filling) at the end of diastole

34
Q

Afterload:

A

Determined by the preload, BP.
Load the heart muscle must move after it starts to contract to get the blood out.

Another way to sat it: mount of force the heart has to put forward to get blood out
More preload, more force the heart has too use to eject the blood

35
Q

What factors regulate homeostatic BP (3)

A
  • vasodilation and constriction of vessels
  • changes in the heart: CO, HR, SV
  • change in blood volume
36
Q

Hormones that effect changes in blood volume (3):

A
  1. ADH: increase water reabsorption= increase blood vol. increasing BP
  2. ANH: decrees Na and H2O reabsorption= decrease blood vol. and decrease BP
  3. RAAS (aldosterone): Increase Na and H2O reabsorption= increase blood vol. increasing BP
37
Q

Heart rate regulation is controlled by (4)

A

Cardiovascular control center (excitatory and inhibitory centers)
Neural reflexes
Atrial receptors
Hormones

38
Q

Stroke volume

A

Myocardial contractility = squeezing of the cardiac muscle

39
Q

2 functions of

Lymphatic system

A

1) fluid balance/ return (obligatory load of 10%). Returns Lymphatic fluid to subclavian vein
2) Clean and filter and carry out any needed immune response (macrophages, T and B cells found in lymph nodes)

40
Q 
Lymphatic vessels (2)
What ares do they cover?
A

Right lymphatic duct: RIGHT side of face, arm and upper trunk.
Thoracic duct: LEFT side of face, arm and chest; lower quadrants of the abdomen, and legs

41
Q

If MAP is too low

If MAP is too high

A
  • some tissue will not receive enough blood leading to hypoxia etc.
  • it can cause damage to vessel walls and the tissues that the blood is going to
42
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

What does it effect (4)

A
  • cardiac output
  • total peripheral resistance
  • hyperemia (excessive blood volume)
  • hormones (AHD, aldosterone, ANH)
43
Q

Regulation of arterial pressure (MAP):
why is it required
what is the needed range

A

-need enough MAP to perfuse all the tissue in the body.

An MAP of about 60 is necessary to perfuse coronary arteries, brain, kidneys. >110 may cause damage to tissue

Patho: pulmonary; cardi; hemo; GI; Urinary (10 decks)

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