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Patho: pulmonary; cardi; hemo; GI; Urinary > Pulmonary Patho > Flashcards

Pulmonary Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease

A

Dyspnea, Orthopnea, PND, Abnormal breathing patterns, hyper/ hypoventilation, cough, abnormal sputum, cyanosis, clubbing,

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2
Q

Subjective sensation of uncomfortable labored breathing

A

Dyspnea (SOB)

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3
Q

Dyspnea when a person is lying down

A

Orthopnea

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4
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

A

Dyspnea occurring at night when a person is lying down, generally w/ LV heart failure

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5
Q

Tachypnea

A

Breathing too fast

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6
Q

Bradypnea

A

Breathing too slow

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7
Q

Apnea

A

Stop breathing, fatal when sustained`

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8
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

type of hyperventilation that is the lung’s emergency response to acidosis. Causes a labored, deeper breathing rate. It is most commonly associated with conditions that cause metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetes.
Notice fruity breath

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9
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

Patient will take several breaths followed by a long pause before regular breathing resumes. These cycles of breathing will become increasingly deeper.
A near death breathing pattern.

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10
Q

Hemoptysis:

A

Blood in sputum

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11
Q

Hypoventilation:

What can this lead to?

A

Decreased amount of air being brought into the lungs, shallow breaths.

Hypercapnia: elevated CO2, leading to acidosis

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12
Q

Hyperventilation:

A

Too much breathing, deep breaths

Hypocapnia: decreased CO2, leading to alkalosis

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13
Q

Cyanosis:

A

Acute hypoxia, due to lack of O2. Blue coloration in finger tips, lips etc.

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14
Q

Clubbing:

A

Chronic hypoxia, long term chronic respiratory issues

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15
Q

Hypercapnia:

A

excessive CO2 in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration. Decreased pH (respiratory acidosis)

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16
Q

Hypoxemia

What is an example of this?

A

an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood. Ventilation-perfusion abnormalities

Eg: Shunting- sending blood flow elsewhere when one area does not have good gas exchange

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17
Q

Hypoxemia vs hypoxia

A

-ima = “in the blood”

in any tissue

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18
Q

What has occurred when the lungs have lost the ability to perform gas exchange

A

Acute respiratory failure

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19
Q

Excess water or fluid in the lungs

not a disease, but an outcome due to something else (trauma, inflammation etc.)

A

Pulmonary edema

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20
Q

what are the ways that pulmonary edema forms?

A

LV dysfunction
Blockage of lymph vessels
Increased capillary permeability

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21
Q

What is Aspiration?
What structure should stop this?
Where does this typically occur?

A
  • Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs
  • Epiglottis didn’t do its job
  • Typically occurs in the Rt. lung (due straighter angle compared to Lft.)
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22
Q

Atelectasis:

A

alveoli collapse

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23
Q

Compression atelectasis

A

An external blockage compressing the airway

eg: tumor presses the airway that’s blocks it

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24
Q

Absorption atelectasis

A

the alveoli becomes closed off and all the air it contained is absorbed out and into the blood stream

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25
Q

Surfactant impairment

A

increase surface tension due to lack of surfactant leading to collapse

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26
Q

What can help the pore of Kohn open to allow another entrance into the alveoli

A

Deep breathing

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27
Q

Bronchiolitis
children
adults

A

Inflammatory obstruction of the small airways

  • Most common in children (RSV)
  • Occurs in adults with chronic bronchitis, in association with a viral infection, or with inhalation of toxic gases
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28
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A

A common, and very contagious, virus that infects the respiratory tract of most children before their second birthday. For most babies and young children, the infection causes nothing more than a cold.

29
Q

Bronchiolitis obliterans

A

An inflammatory obstruction of the bronchioles. They become damaged and inflamed by chemical particles (vaping), bronchiolitis, and particularly after organ transplants.

Leads to extensive scarring that blocks the airways.

30
Q

Pneumothorax:

A

whole lung collapses, disrupting the negative air pressure surrounding the lung

31
Q

Open pneumothorax:

A

spontaneous or secondary- hole in lung through visceral and parietal.
Pressure now = Pb pressure (external).

32
Q

Tension pneumothorax:

A

tear in the visceral OR parietal and trapped in the pleura cavity (One way valve).
Pip becomes > Pb

builds air pressure, compressing lung
trachea and heart are shifted due to the pressure

33
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax:

A

random spontaneous rupture or tearing of visceral layer (inside)

34
Q

Secondary pneumothorax:

A

rupture or tearing of parietal layer (outside) or visceral layer (inside) due to something external tearing

35
Q

Pleural effusion:

A

fluid build up

36
Q

Transudative effusion:

A

clear fluid, due to hydrostatic response

37
Q

Exudative effusion:

A

inflammation response causing fluid to build in the plural space

38
Q

Hemothorax:

A

blood accumulation, trauma

39
Q

Empyema:

A

yellow/ green purulent, from major bacterial infection

40
Q

Chylothorax:

A

“chylo” = lymph, damage from lymph

41
Q

Frail Chest

A

Instability of a portion of the chest wall

Caving (inhalation) or heaving (exhalation) of lung. Think of the pressures occurring during breath.

42
Q

What is the first physiological change from smoking?

A

Metaplasia: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are replaced by columnar epithelium

43
Q

Pneumoconiosis:

A

a disease of the lungs due to inhalation of non-organic chemicals (often due to work place exposure) characterized by inflammation, coughing, and fibrosis

44
Q

Allergic alveolitis:

A

environmental exposure (dog hair, pollen etc.)

45
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)

A

HP results from breathing in specific environmental allergens. A disease causing inflammation of the lung tissue. This inflammation makes breathing difficult. It can lead to irreversible lung scarring over time.

46
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

What are 3 things that can cause this?

A
  • Respiratory failure (sudden loss of function) characterized by acute lung inflammation
  • Injury to the pulmonary capillary endothelium (due to trauma/ spesis)
  • Atelectasis
47
Q

Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis)

A

a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when alveoli within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.

48
Q

What can cause a pulmonary emboli?

A

clot in the vessels, travels from DVT

49
Q

How to prevent Postoperative Respiratory Failure

A

Frequent turning, deep breathing, early ambulation, air humidification, and incentive spirometry

50
Q

COPD =

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

51
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder resulting from hyper-responsiveness of the airways

52
Q

Emphysema

A

Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis
Loss of gas exchange for surface area
Loss of elastic recoil- have a hard time exhaling

53
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that lasts for at least 3 months of the year and for at least 2 consecutive years

54
Q

Fibrosis

A

a pathological wound healing in which connective tissue replaces normal tissue. Leads to scar tissue.

55
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lung (alveoli)

56
Q

Community-acquired pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

57
Q

Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia
bacterial
viral

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia (bacterial)

Viral pneumonia

58
Q

Airborne transmission
can take of the macrophage leading to tubercle formation
Tubercle formation
Necrosis

A

Tuberculosis (Tb)

Due to: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

59
Q

Acute bronchitis

How does it differ form pneumonia?

A

Acute infection or inflammation of the airways or bronchi.
Commonly follows a viral illness

Similar symptoms to pneumonia but does not demonstrate pulmonary consolidation and chest infiltrates

60
Q

acute laryngotracheobronchitis “Croup”

A

An upper airway infection that blocks breathing and has a distinctive barking cough.
Croup generally occurs in children.
Symptoms include fever, hoarseness, and labored or noisy breathing.

61
Q

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by a thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipids, or an air bubble
impairing profusion
commonly arise from DVT

62
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

Mean pulmonary artery pressure above normal

63
Q

Pulmonary venous hypertension

A

CHF: LV failure, blood sits in the heart, backs up into vessels of the lung

64
Q

Pulmonary hypertension due to a respiratory disease or hypoxemia

A

-COPD- bad ventilation that leads to excessive shunting and vasoconstriction

65
Q

Pulmonary hypertension due to thrombotic or embolic disease

A

PE- blood is blocked onto capillary bed and pressure builds behind the clot

66
Q

Pulmonary heart disease is primarily due to:

A

right ventricular enlargement (failure), Blood backs up in venous system

67
Q

Secondary to pulmonary hypertension

A

Creates chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle (pumps blood)

68
Q

Lung Cancer

Due to what?

A

Bronchogenic carcinomas

Most common cause is cigarette smoking
Heavy smokers have 20x greater chance of developing lung cancer

Smoking is related to cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, and urinary bladder

Environmental or occupational risk factors are also associated with lung cancer

Patho: pulmonary; cardi; hemo; GI; Urinary (10 decks)

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