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Patho: pulmonary; cardi; hemo; GI; Urinary > Pulmonary Patho > Flashcards

Pulmonary Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease

A

Dyspnea, Orthopnea, PND, Abnormal breathing patterns, hyper/ hypoventilation, cough, abnormal sputum, cyanosis, clubbing,

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2
Q

Subjective sensation of uncomfortable labored breathing

A

Dyspnea (SOB)

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3
Q

Dyspnea when a person is lying down

A

Orthopnea

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4
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

A

Dyspnea occurring at night when a person is lying down, generally w/ LV heart failure

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5
Q

Tachypnea

A

Breathing too fast

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6
Q

Bradypnea

A

Breathing too slow

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7
Q

Apnea

A

Stop breathing, fatal when sustained`

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8
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

type of hyperventilation that is the lung’s emergency response to acidosis. Causes a labored, deeper breathing rate. It is most commonly associated with conditions that cause metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetes.
Notice fruity breath

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9
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

Patient will take several breaths followed by a long pause before regular breathing resumes. These cycles of breathing will become increasingly deeper.
A near death breathing pattern.

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10
Q

Hemoptysis:

A

Blood in sputum

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11
Q

Hypoventilation:

What can this lead to?

A

Decreased amount of air being brought into the lungs, shallow breaths.

Hypercapnia: elevated CO2, leading to acidosis

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12
Q

Hyperventilation:

A

Too much breathing, deep breaths

Hypocapnia: decreased CO2, leading to alkalosis

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13
Q

Cyanosis:

A

Acute hypoxia, due to lack of O2. Blue coloration in finger tips, lips etc.

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14
Q

Clubbing:

A

Chronic hypoxia, long term chronic respiratory issues

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15
Q

Hypercapnia:

A

excessive CO2 in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration. Decreased pH (respiratory acidosis)

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16
Q

Hypoxemia

What is an example of this?

A

an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood. Ventilation-perfusion abnormalities

Eg: Shunting- sending blood flow elsewhere when one area does not have good gas exchange

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17
Q

Hypoxemia vs hypoxia

A

-ima = “in the blood”

in any tissue

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18
Q

What has occurred when the lungs have lost the ability to perform gas exchange

A

Acute respiratory failure

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19
Q

Excess water or fluid in the lungs

not a disease, but an outcome due to something else (trauma, inflammation etc.)

A

Pulmonary edema

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20
Q

what are the ways that pulmonary edema forms?

A

LV dysfunction
Blockage of lymph vessels
Increased capillary permeability

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21
Q

What is Aspiration?
What structure should stop this?
Where does this typically occur?

A
  • Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs
  • Epiglottis didn’t do its job
  • Typically occurs in the Rt. lung (due straighter angle compared to Lft.)
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22
Q

Atelectasis:

A

alveoli collapse

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23
Q

Compression atelectasis

A

An external blockage compressing the airway

eg: tumor presses the airway that’s blocks it

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24
Q

Absorption atelectasis

A

the alveoli becomes closed off and all the air it contained is absorbed out and into the blood stream

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25
Surfactant impairment
increase surface tension due to lack of surfactant leading to collapse
26
What can help the pore of Kohn open to allow another entrance into the alveoli
Deep breathing
27
Bronchiolitis children adults
Inflammatory obstruction of the small airways - Most common in children (RSV) - Occurs in adults with chronic bronchitis, in association with a viral infection, or with inhalation of toxic gases
28
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
A common, and very contagious, virus that infects the respiratory tract of most children before their second birthday. For most babies and young children, the infection causes nothing more than a cold.
29
Bronchiolitis obliterans
An inflammatory obstruction of the bronchioles. They become damaged and inflamed by chemical particles (vaping), bronchiolitis, and particularly after organ transplants. Leads to extensive scarring that blocks the airways.
30
Pneumothorax:
whole lung collapses, disrupting the negative air pressure surrounding the lung
31
Open pneumothorax:
spontaneous or secondary- hole in lung through visceral and parietal. Pressure now = Pb pressure (external).
32
Tension pneumothorax:
tear in the visceral OR parietal and trapped in the pleura cavity (One way valve). Pip becomes > Pb builds air pressure, compressing lung trachea and heart are shifted due to the pressure
33
Spontaneous pneumothorax:
random spontaneous rupture or tearing of visceral layer (inside)
34
Secondary pneumothorax:
rupture or tearing of parietal layer (outside) or visceral layer (inside) due to something external tearing
35
Pleural effusion:
fluid build up
36
Transudative effusion:
clear fluid, due to hydrostatic response
37
Exudative effusion:
inflammation response causing fluid to build in the plural space
38
Hemothorax:
blood accumulation, trauma
39
Empyema:
yellow/ green purulent, from major bacterial infection
40
Chylothorax:
"chylo" = lymph, damage from lymph
41
Frail Chest
Instability of a portion of the chest wall Caving (inhalation) or heaving (exhalation) of lung. Think of the pressures occurring during breath.
42
What is the first physiological change from smoking?
Metaplasia: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are replaced by columnar epithelium
43
Pneumoconiosis:
a disease of the lungs due to inhalation of non-organic chemicals (often due to work place exposure) characterized by inflammation, coughing, and fibrosis
44
Allergic alveolitis:
environmental exposure (dog hair, pollen etc.)
45
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)
HP results from breathing in specific environmental allergens. A disease causing inflammation of the lung tissue. This inflammation makes breathing difficult. It can lead to irreversible lung scarring over time.
46
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | What are 3 things that can cause this?
- Respiratory failure (sudden loss of function) characterized by acute lung inflammation - Injury to the pulmonary capillary endothelium (due to trauma/ spesis) - Atelectasis
47
Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis)
a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when alveoli within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
48
What can cause a pulmonary emboli?
clot in the vessels, travels from DVT
49
How to prevent Postoperative Respiratory Failure
Frequent turning, deep breathing, early ambulation, air humidification, and incentive spirometry
50
COPD =
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
51
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disorder resulting from hyper-responsiveness of the airways
52
Emphysema
Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis Loss of gas exchange for surface area Loss of elastic recoil- have a hard time exhaling
53
Chronic bronchitis
Hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that lasts for at least 3 months of the year and for at least 2 consecutive years
54
Fibrosis
a pathological wound healing in which connective tissue replaces normal tissue. Leads to scar tissue.
55
Pneumonia
Inflammation of lung (alveoli)
56
Community-acquired pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
57
Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia bacterial viral
Pneumococcal pneumonia (bacterial) Viral pneumonia
58
Airborne transmission can take of the macrophage leading to tubercle formation Tubercle formation Necrosis
Tuberculosis (Tb) | Due to: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
59
Acute bronchitis | How does it differ form pneumonia?
Acute infection or inflammation of the airways or bronchi. Commonly follows a viral illness Similar symptoms to pneumonia but does not demonstrate pulmonary consolidation and chest infiltrates
60
acute laryngotracheobronchitis "Croup"
An upper airway infection that blocks breathing and has a distinctive barking cough. Croup generally occurs in children. Symptoms include fever, hoarseness, and labored or noisy breathing.
61
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by a thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipids, or an air bubble impairing profusion commonly arise from DVT
62
Pulmonary hypertension
Mean pulmonary artery pressure above normal
63
Pulmonary venous hypertension
CHF: LV failure, blood sits in the heart, backs up into vessels of the lung
64
Pulmonary hypertension due to a respiratory disease or hypoxemia
-COPD- bad ventilation that leads to excessive shunting and vasoconstriction
65
Pulmonary hypertension due to thrombotic or embolic disease
PE- blood is blocked onto capillary bed and pressure builds behind the clot
66
Pulmonary heart disease is primarily due to:
right ventricular enlargement (failure), Blood backs up in venous system
67
Secondary to pulmonary hypertension
Creates chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle (pumps blood)
68
Lung Cancer | Due to what?
Bronchogenic carcinomas Most common cause is cigarette smoking Heavy smokers have 20x greater chance of developing lung cancer Smoking is related to cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, and urinary bladder Environmental or occupational risk factors are also associated with lung cancer

Patho: pulmonary; cardi; hemo; GI; Urinary (10 decks)

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