Pulmonary Phys Flashcards
3 most important structures of the Respiratory System:
Lungs, Muscles for respiration, Brain
Lungs do what?
Take O2 into body for ATP energy production.
Gas exchange with CO2 (breathe out)
what is the muscles of Respiration?
skeletal muscle via the diaphragm, inhale/ exhale (move air = ventilation)
How does the brain control respiration?
(medulla & pons) control & change respirations
The Upper Respiratory Tract consists of what structures?
Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
The Lower Respiratory Tract consists of what structures?
Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
Function of Mucosa:
Protection, Immune Support, Lubricant
How does Mucosa provide Immune Support?
Mechanically capture debris
Presence of “mucins” (proteoglycans)
Bacterial interface
Pharynx-
throat
Larynx-
hyoid bone, Epiglottis, voice
Trachea-
supportive C-ring cartilage allowing to be constantly open (esophagus behind)
Bronchi right and left variartions-
Rt. longer & straighter 3 lobes, Lft. 2 lobes angled and smaller (b/c heart)
**aspirates typically end up on the RT side
Bronchioles-
branching smooth muscle
Alveoli-
thin membrane sacs
Sacs that increase surface area, but also increases surface tension- thus produce surfactant
surrounded by capillaries allowing for gas exchange
Alveoli
Pleura-
encapsulates lungs: partial, visceral, pleural cavity.
Where are the 3 primary serous membranes found in the lung?
Parietal pleura (outer wall), pleura cavity (air compartment), Viseral pleura (inner wall)
serous membranes
membranes lining closed internal body cavities
Muscles of inspiration
Diaphragm External intercostals (secondary)
Muscles of forced expiration
Rectus abdominus
Internal intercostal muscles (secondary)
Ventilation
Mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs
Minute volume
Ventilatory rate multiplied by the volume of air per breath
amount of air you have moved/ min
Alveolar ventilation
The exchange of gas between the alveoli and the external environment. It is the process by which oxygen is brought into the lungs from the atmosphere and by which the carbon dioxide carried into the lungs in the mixed venous blood is expelled from the body.
what does Surfactant do for the alveoli?
relieve Alveolar surface tension
eg: the balloon analogy from lecture
Elastic properties of the lung and chest wall
- Elastic recoil
- Compliance: the availability to stretch (thus can accommodate more air)
Apneustic Center
(A comes before P) Stimulates neurons to promote Inspiration via External intercostals and the diaphragm
Pneumotaxic Center
Stimulated neurons to promote Expiration via the Internal intercostals and rectus abdominis
What are the canters in the Pons (Brain Stem) that control inspiration and expiration?
Apneustic Center
Pneumotaxic Center
where are the Central Chemoreceptors located?
in the medulla
where are the Peripheral Chemoreceptors located?
located in the Aorta and the carotid bodies
What is the function of Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors?
detect increased levels in CO2, and then stimulate Increase in respiratory rate
What is the process of diffusion?
oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood (blood delivery)
What is the process of perfusion?
Perfusion refers to the blood flow to tissues and organs.
Alveoli are perfused by capillaries so the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide can take place
Type I alveolar cells vs Type II alveolar cells
Where diffusion of Respiratory gasses occurs
Surfactant production
systemic circulation
provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue
pulmonary circulation
is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart
Alveolocapillary membrane
thin tissue barrier through which gases are exchanged between the alveolar air and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
what is it Oxyhemoglobin?
what does it do?
the protein inside RBC
holds and attaches to hemoglobin = Iron
What causes blood to be shunted to other, well-ventilated portions of the lungs?
Low alveolar pressure of O2. Becomes Hypoxic (low O2) and results in pulmonary vasoconstriction
And provides better ventilation/perfusion to other portions of the lungs
What happens if hypoxia affects all segments of the lungs?
the vasoconstriction can result in pulmonary hypertension
