Pulmonary Phys

Question 1

3 most important structures of the Respiratory System:

Answer 1

Lungs, Muscles for respiration, Brain

Question 2

Lungs do what?

Answer 2

Take O2 into body for ATP energy production.

Gas exchange with CO2 (breathe out)

Question 3

what is the muscles of Respiration?

Answer 3

skeletal muscle via the diaphragm, inhale/ exhale (move air = ventilation)

Question 4

How does the brain control respiration?

Answer 4

(medulla & pons) control & change respirations

Question 5

The Upper Respiratory Tract consists of what structures?

Answer 5

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

Question 6

The Lower Respiratory Tract consists of what structures?

Answer 6

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

Question 7

Function of Mucosa:

Answer 7

Protection, Immune Support, Lubricant

Question 8

How does Mucosa provide Immune Support?

Answer 8

Mechanically capture debris
Presence of “mucins” (proteoglycans)
Bacterial interface

Question 9

Pharynx-

Answer 9

throat

Question 10

Larynx-

Answer 10

hyoid bone, Epiglottis, voice

Question 11

Trachea-

Answer 11

supportive C-ring cartilage allowing to be constantly open (esophagus behind)

Question 12

Bronchi right and left variartions-

Answer 12

Rt. longer & straighter 3 lobes, Lft. 2 lobes angled and smaller (b/c heart)
**aspirates typically end up on the RT side

Question 13

Bronchioles-

Answer 13

branching smooth muscle

Question 14

Alveoli-

Answer 14

thin membrane sacs

Question 15

Sacs that increase surface area, but also increases surface tension- thus produce surfactant
surrounded by capillaries allowing for gas exchange

Answer 15

Alveoli

Question 16

Pleura-

Answer 16

encapsulates lungs: partial, visceral, pleural cavity.

Question 17

Where are the 3 primary serous membranes found in the lung?

Answer 17

Parietal pleura (outer wall), pleura cavity (air compartment), Viseral pleura (inner wall)

Question 18

serous membranes

Answer 18

membranes lining closed internal body cavities

Question 19

Muscles of inspiration

Answer 19

Diaphragm
External intercostals (secondary)

Question 20

Muscles of forced expiration

Answer 20

Rectus abdominus

Internal intercostal muscles (secondary)

Question 21

Ventilation

Answer 21

Mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs

Question 22

Minute volume

Answer 22

Ventilatory rate multiplied by the volume of air per breath

amount of air you have moved/ min

Question 23

Alveolar ventilation

Answer 23

The exchange of gas between the alveoli and the external environment. It is the process by which oxygen is brought into the lungs from the atmosphere and by which the carbon dioxide carried into the lungs in the mixed venous blood is expelled from the body.

Question 24

what does Surfactant do for the alveoli?

Answer 24

relieve Alveolar surface tension

eg: the balloon analogy from lecture

Question 25

Elastic properties of the lung and chest wall

Answer 25

• Elastic recoil

- Compliance: the availability to stretch (thus can accommodate more air)

Question 26

Apneustic Center

Answer 26

(A comes before P) Stimulates neurons to promote Inspiration via External intercostals and the diaphragm

Question 27

Pneumotaxic Center

Answer 27

Stimulated neurons to promote Expiration via the Internal intercostals and rectus abdominis

Question 28

What are the canters in the Pons (Brain Stem) that control inspiration and expiration?

Answer 28

Apneustic Center

Pneumotaxic Center

Question 29

where are the Central Chemoreceptors located?

Answer 29

in the medulla

Question 30

where are the Peripheral Chemoreceptors located?

Answer 30

located in the Aorta and the carotid bodies

Question 31

What is the function of Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors?

Answer 31

detect increased levels in CO2, and then stimulate Increase in respiratory rate

Question 32

What is the process of diffusion?

Answer 32

oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood (blood delivery)

Question 33

What is the process of perfusion?

Answer 33

Perfusion refers to the blood flow to tissues and organs.

Alveoli are perfused by capillaries so the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide can take place

Question 34

Type I alveolar cells vs Type II alveolar cells

Answer 34

Where diffusion of Respiratory gasses occurs

Surfactant production

Question 35

systemic circulation

Answer 35

provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue

Question 36

pulmonary circulation

Answer 36

is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart

Question 37

Alveolocapillary membrane

Answer 37

thin tissue barrier through which gases are exchanged between the alveolar air and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Question 38

what is it Oxyhemoglobin?

what does it do?

Answer 38

the protein inside RBC

holds and attaches to hemoglobin = Iron

Question 39

What causes blood to be shunted to other, well-ventilated portions of the lungs?

Answer 39

Low alveolar pressure of O2. Becomes Hypoxic (low O2) and results in pulmonary vasoconstriction
And provides better ventilation/perfusion to other portions of the lungs

Question 40

What happens if hypoxia affects all segments of the lungs?

Answer 40

the vasoconstriction can result in pulmonary hypertension