urinary

Question 1

urinary system functions

Answer 1

1. removal of metabolic waste products from blood
   heme–>bilirubin–>urobilin
2. regulation of ion concentration (Na, K, etc)
3. regulation of blood acid-base balance
4. regulation of blood pressure (renin secretion)
5. regulation of erythrocyte production (hormone is synthesis and released by the kidney)
6. vitamin D activation

Question 2

vitamin D activation

Answer 2

parathyroid hormone

• increases calcium absorption in small intestine and renal tubules
• increases osteoclast activity to increase calcium levels
• hormone is synthesized in skin but active form is generated and related by the kidneys

Question 3

renal corpuscle

Answer 3

glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule

Question 4

nephron

Answer 4

renal corpuscle + tubule (2 million/kidney)

Question 5

uriniferous tubule

Answer 5

nephron +collecting duct (50 miles)

Question 6

cells in glomerulus

Answer 6

1. endothelial cells
2. mesangial cells
3. podocytes

Question 7

plasma in bowman’s space

Answer 7

called glomerular filtrate

Question 8

mesangial cells

Answer 8

1. support
2. phagocytosis
3. repair
4. contractile
5. blood pressure monitoring
   (extraglomerular mesangial cells, aka lacis cells)

Question 9

type of cell in parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

Answer 9

simple squamous –then differentiate into cells that look like octopus (protocytes)

Question 10

glomerular filtration barrier

Answer 10

aka basement membrane 
barrier made up of 
1. type iV collagen network
2. laminin network 
3. proteoglycans

Question 11

peritubular capillaries exchange with PCT

Answer 11

active resorption:
1. Na, AAs, sugars
passive resorption: water, Cl-

Question 12

PCT cell

Answer 12

enzyme rich 
glycocalyx (brush border)
endocytic vesicles
abundant mitochondria 
basal infoldings
Na/K ATPase

resorbs 80% of ultrafiltrate
(similar to sm. intestine)
3 PCT: 1 DCT–in size

Question 13

types of structures found in cortex of kidney

Answer 13

1. medullary rays aka collecting ducts
2. arcuate vessels (white space with RBCs near the medulla)
3. renal corpuscles (purple dots surrounded by white ring)
4. interlobular vessels (pink filled spots)

-lobules
peritubular capillaries
-glomeruli

Question 14

renal medulla: function and structures

Answer 14

functions:

1. generation of salt gradient
   - -salt-rich interstitial is generated and establishes a strong osmotic gradient
2. resoption of water
3. acid-bsae balance

structures:
- vasa recta (straight capillaries–look for RBCs)
- thick limb of loop of hence (ascending)-(cubodial—round nucleus, and cant see border/outlines of cells.)
- thin limb of loop of henle (sqaumous, nuclei flat—)
- collecting duct (can see cell border/outlines-some microvilli in lumen)

Question 15

podocytes

Answer 15

make up visceral layer of glomerulus

Question 16

DCT

Answer 16

• absorbs mostly water and Na+
• Na/K ATpase (aldosterone sensitive)
• no brush border
• fewer mitochondria

Question 17

resorption

Answer 17

2 step process

1. pump nutrients into ECM
2. uptake into capillaries

Question 18

peritubular capillaries exchange with DCT

Answer 18

active: sodium
passive: water

Question 19

collecting ducts: type of cells

Answer 19

1. intercalated (dark) cells

2. light cells

Question 20

collecting ducts: location

Answer 20

can be found in both medulla and cortex (medullary rays)

Question 21

light cells

Answer 21

line collecting ducts

-respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 22

intercalated cells

Answer 22

aka dark cells

• line collecting ducts
  1. alpha cells: secrete H+
  2. Beta cells: secrete bicarb

Question 23

ciliopathies and polycystic kidney disease

Answer 23

• cilia serve as mechanosensors–mutations in polycistin-1, -2 genes cause these diseases
• collecting ducts–light cells

Question 24

ADH

Answer 24

• anti-diuretic hormone secreted by pituitary-pars nervosa and targets light cells of the collecting ducts.
• activates aquaporins to travel to surface of cell and let water into the interstitium

Question 25

what is the effect of alcohol on ADH

Answer 25

ADH release from pituitary--pars nervosa is inhibited--thus urine is more dilute (so more urine leaving) than it should be--leading to dehydration

Question 26

what is the effect of Diabetes Mellitus in renal?

Answer 26

-insulin deficiency (elevated glucose leads to osmotic diuresis)

Question 27

what is the affect of diabetes insipidus in renal?

Answer 27

-inability to make or respond to ADH

Question 28

kidney stones

Answer 28

aka renal calculi - blockage occurs in calculi or further in transport of urine (not actually in nephrons) - crystals may form from calcium oxalate* or uric acid precipitates - precipitation may be caused by low fluid intake, high protein diets, refined sugars - passage of stone is very painful - blockage of urine outflow may lead to hydronephrosis

Question 29

blood pressure monitoring

Answer 29

1. arterial pressire in afferent arteriole | 2. ion concentration in DCT

Question 30

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 30

1. JG cells 2. macula densa (row of cells) 3. lacis cells

Question 31

JG cells

Answer 31

found in juxtaglomerular apparatus - release renin - respond to arterial pressure (baroreceptors)

Question 32

macula densa

Answer 32

found in juxtaglomerular apparatus - row of cells - responds to low salt concentration (Chemoreceptors)

Question 33

ureter

Answer 33

1. transitional epithelium 2. no muscularis mucosae 3. three layers in muscularis external (distal portion only)

Question 34

muscularis external of ureter

Answer 34

``` distal portion of ureter 3 layers: 1. inner layer of longitudinal muscle 2. middle layer of circular muscle 3. outer layer of longitudinal muscle ```

Question 35

transitional epithelium

Answer 35

found in: minor calyx thru bladder aka urothelium 1. relaxed--not flat, round, domed shaped cells 2. stretched: flat surface

Question 36

oder of leaving kidney

Answer 36

1. collecting ducts 2. minor calyx 3. renal pelvis 4. ureters

Question 37

to increase blood pressure bc pt has decreased bp, fluid volume, and increase B1-sympathetic

Answer 37

1. liver releases angiotensinogen 2. renin released from kidneys 3. angiotensin 1 4. ACE released 5. angiotensin 2--has three effects: a. increases vasoconstriction b. increases NaCl/H2O reabsorption c. increases aldosterone which then increases sodium resorption in the DCT 6. increases fluid volume and blood pressure