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histology exam 3 > urinary > Flashcards

urinary Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system functions

A
  1. removal of metabolic waste products from blood
    heme–>bilirubin–>urobilin
  2. regulation of ion concentration (Na, K, etc)
  3. regulation of blood acid-base balance
  4. regulation of blood pressure (renin secretion)
  5. regulation of erythrocyte production (hormone is synthesis and released by the kidney)
  6. vitamin D activation
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2
Q

vitamin D activation

A

parathyroid hormone

  • increases calcium absorption in small intestine and renal tubules
  • increases osteoclast activity to increase calcium levels
  • hormone is synthesized in skin but active form is generated and related by the kidneys
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3
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule

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4
Q

nephron

A

renal corpuscle + tubule (2 million/kidney)

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5
Q

uriniferous tubule

A

nephron +collecting duct (50 miles)

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6
Q

cells in glomerulus

A
  1. endothelial cells
  2. mesangial cells
  3. podocytes
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7
Q

plasma in bowman’s space

A

called glomerular filtrate

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8
Q

mesangial cells

A
  1. support
  2. phagocytosis
  3. repair
  4. contractile
  5. blood pressure monitoring
    (extraglomerular mesangial cells, aka lacis cells)
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9
Q

type of cell in parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

simple squamous –then differentiate into cells that look like octopus (protocytes)

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10
Q

glomerular filtration barrier

A 
aka basement membrane 
barrier made up of 
1. type iV collagen network
2. laminin network 
3. proteoglycans
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11
Q

peritubular capillaries exchange with PCT

A

active resorption:
1. Na, AAs, sugars
passive resorption: water, Cl-

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12
Q

PCT cell

A 
enzyme rich 
glycocalyx (brush border)
endocytic vesicles
abundant mitochondria 
basal infoldings
Na/K ATPase

resorbs 80% of ultrafiltrate
(similar to sm. intestine)
3 PCT: 1 DCT–in size

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13
Q

types of structures found in cortex of kidney

A
  1. medullary rays aka collecting ducts
  2. arcuate vessels (white space with RBCs near the medulla)
  3. renal corpuscles (purple dots surrounded by white ring)
  4. interlobular vessels (pink filled spots)

-lobules
peritubular capillaries
-glomeruli

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14
Q

renal medulla: function and structures

A

functions:

  1. generation of salt gradient
    - -salt-rich interstitial is generated and establishes a strong osmotic gradient
  2. resoption of water
  3. acid-bsae balance

structures:
- vasa recta (straight capillaries–look for RBCs)
- thick limb of loop of hence (ascending)-(cubodial—round nucleus, and cant see border/outlines of cells.)
- thin limb of loop of henle (sqaumous, nuclei flat—)
- collecting duct (can see cell border/outlines-some microvilli in lumen)

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15
Q

podocytes

A

make up visceral layer of glomerulus

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16
Q

DCT

A
  • absorbs mostly water and Na+
  • Na/K ATpase (aldosterone sensitive)
  • no brush border
  • fewer mitochondria
17
Q

resorption

A

2 step process

  1. pump nutrients into ECM
  2. uptake into capillaries
18
Q

peritubular capillaries exchange with DCT

A

active: sodium
passive: water

19
Q

collecting ducts: type of cells

A
  1. intercalated (dark) cells

2. light cells

20
Q

collecting ducts: location

A

can be found in both medulla and cortex (medullary rays)

21
Q

light cells

A

line collecting ducts

-respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

22
Q

intercalated cells

A

aka dark cells

  • line collecting ducts
    1. alpha cells: secrete H+
    2. Beta cells: secrete bicarb
23
Q

ciliopathies and polycystic kidney disease

A
  • cilia serve as mechanosensors–mutations in polycistin-1, -2 genes cause these diseases
  • collecting ducts–light cells
24
Q

ADH

A
  • anti-diuretic hormone secreted by pituitary-pars nervosa and targets light cells of the collecting ducts.
  • activates aquaporins to travel to surface of cell and let water into the interstitium
25
Q

what is the effect of alcohol on ADH

A

ADH release from pituitary–pars nervosa is inhibited–thus urine is more dilute (so more urine leaving) than it should be–leading to dehydration

26
Q

what is the effect of Diabetes Mellitus in renal?

A

-insulin deficiency (elevated glucose leads to osmotic diuresis)

27
Q

what is the affect of diabetes insipidus in renal?

A

-inability to make or respond to ADH

28
Q

kidney stones

A

aka renal calculi

  • blockage occurs in calculi or further in transport of urine (not actually in nephrons)
  • crystals may form from calcium oxalate* or uric acid precipitates
  • precipitation may be caused by low fluid intake, high protein diets, refined sugars
  • passage of stone is very painful
  • blockage of urine outflow may lead to hydronephrosis
29
Q

blood pressure monitoring

A
  1. arterial pressire in afferent arteriole

2. ion concentration in DCT

30
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  1. JG cells
  2. macula densa (row of cells)
  3. lacis cells
31
Q

JG cells

A

found in juxtaglomerular apparatus

  • release renin
  • respond to arterial pressure (baroreceptors)
32
Q

macula densa

A

found in juxtaglomerular apparatus

  • row of cells
  • responds to low salt concentration (Chemoreceptors)
33
Q

ureter

A
  1. transitional epithelium
  2. no muscularis mucosae
  3. three layers in muscularis external (distal portion only)
34
Q

muscularis external of ureter

A 
distal portion of ureter
3 layers:
1. inner layer of longitudinal muscle 
2. middle layer of circular muscle
3. outer layer of longitudinal muscle
35
Q

transitional epithelium

A

found in: minor calyx thru bladder
aka urothelium
1. relaxed–not flat, round, domed shaped cells
2. stretched: flat surface

36
Q

oder of leaving kidney

A
  1. collecting ducts
  2. minor calyx
  3. renal pelvis
  4. ureters
37
Q

to increase blood pressure bc pt has decreased bp, fluid volume, and increase B1-sympathetic

A
  1. liver releases angiotensinogen
  2. renin released from kidneys
  3. angiotensin 1
  4. ACE released
  5. angiotensin 2–has three effects:
    a. increases vasoconstriction
    b. increases NaCl/H2O reabsorption
    c. increases aldosterone which then increases sodium resorption in the DCT
  6. increases fluid volume and blood pressure

histology exam 3 (5 decks)

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