respiratory Flashcards
types of epithelium present in respiratory system
- olfactory epithelium
- conducting epithelium
- gas exchange epithelium
olfactory epithelium
SSNKE–in isolated areas
- nasal cavity btw septum, lateral wall and olfactory bulb
- oropharynx
- larynx
conducting epithelium
aka respiratory epithelium
–NO RESPIRATION/GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS HERE
1-psuedostratified,
2-ciliated,
3-columnar epithelium
- with goblet cells (no cilia)
- enteroenodocrine cells (kulchitskey cells)
- basal cells
–present in:
1. nasal cavity
2. larynx, trachea
3. bronchi
4, intrapulmonary bronchi
–progression to simple, non-ciliated, cuboidal epithelium in deeper passageways
gas exchange epithelium
types 1 and 2 alveolar cells (pneumocystis)
in respiratory bronchioles
Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s
reduced regernative capability of the olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)
supporting cell
aka sustentacular cell
- -in tissue: lots of them, and relatively in line with one another
- -appears that nucleus sit son base of cell
cells in olfactory system:
- supporting cells aka sustentacular cells
- basal cells
3, bipolar neurons aka olfactory cells - bowman’s gland
- dendrites
- non-motile cilia on supporting cell surface
kulchitskey cells
type of enteroendocrine cells
- small granule cells
- dark/brown-stained–(look like keratinocytes/melanocytes)-IHC
- subsets of these cells releases:
1. catecholamine
2. serotonin
3. calcitonin
cystic fibrosis
-CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator –encodes a chloride channel protein that Is defective in CF–reduced chloride transport alters osmotic gradients resulting in increase mucous viscosity
–consequence: Cl- can’t exit cell, osmotic gradient changes–water and salt enters cell–mucous becomes thicker
larynx
aka Adam’s apple
-thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
trachea
- adventitia (outer most layer)
- no muscularis mucosae
- longitudinal elastic fibers
- submucosa mixed glands
- trachealis muscle (between esophagus and trachea)
- hyaline cartilage(beneath adventitia)
submucosa gland types of trachea
- sero-mucous gland (lipid middle with purple outside)
- mucous gland (circular-white)
- serous gland (looks purple-smallest)
mucosa layers of trachea
respiratory epithelium and (LP) something else
intrapulmonary (secondary) bronchi
- glands
- hyaline cartilage (circular-with dots)
- CT
- smooth muscle mucosa
- elastic fiber
- BALT (brown oval near outer most part)
asthma
occurs in the intrapulmonary (secondary) bronchi
bronchiole
- 1mm or less in diameter (smaller than secondary bronchi)
- no mucosal glands
- no cartilage
- few goblet cells
- many Club (Clara) cells
- secretory granules
club cells
found in the bronchiole
- non-ciliated
- produce surfactant components
- repair (they’re stem cells)
- protect against inflammation and oxidative stress (CC16)
conduction portion of respiratory system
trachea
primary and secondary bronchi
bronchiole
terminal bronchiole
respiratory portion
respiratory bronchiole
alveolar duct
alveolar sauce (termination of alveolar duct)
respiratory bronchiole
- bronchiole with alveoli (at least one)
- capable of gas exchange (in alveoli only)
- can still see some smooth muscle
pulmonary alveoli
- gas exchange in capillary lumen
- small structures with fluid on surface need auto prevent layers form sticking together–if they do then there is collapse
surfactant
made from:
- DPPC
- proteinsL surface protein (SP -A, -B, -C, -D)
- production begins in fetus’ 6 months
- within alveoli–reduces surface tension
1. makes lungs more compliant
2. prevents atelectasis (collapse)
respiratory distress syndrome
-may occur in premature babies (because isn’t produced until fetus is 6 months) that have insufficient surfactant–administration of corticosteroids will increase the surfactant levels
cells of alveoli
- type I pneumocyte
- type 2 pneumocyte
- macrophage
