Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

histology exam 3 > male reproduction > Flashcards

male reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

excurrent duct system

A

intratesticular and extratesticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

intratesticular duct system

A

seminiferous tubule terminus, straight tubules (tubule recti), rete testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

extratesticular duct system

A

efferent ductules, duct of epidemics, ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

types of cells in straight tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

types of cells in seminiferous tubule terminus

A

Sertoli cells only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

rete testis

A

simple cuboidal epithelium, many microvilli, fluid resorption to concentrate sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

efferent ductules function

A

connect Rete to epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

efferent ductules cell type

A

psuedostratified columnar
short cells with microvilli
tall (ciliated**) cells [transport non-motile sperm]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

structure/characteristics of efferent ductules

A

star-shaped lumen
surrounded by smooth muscle
resorbs most of fluid from testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

duct of epididymis

A

aka ductus epididymidis

long coiled tube, 4-6 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

duct of epididymis cells

A

psuedostratified columnar

  1. principal cells: tall and possess stereo cilia
  2. basal (stem) cells
  3. smooth apical surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

duct of epididymis functions

A
  1. absorbs fluid, debris (residual bodies)
  2. secrete products for sperm maturation (e.g. forward mobility protein)
  3. smooth muscle (1 layer proximally, 3 toward tail)
  4. transit through tubules: ~12 days
  5. tail stores sperm prior to ejaculation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ductus (vas) deferens

A
  1. psudeostratified columnar with long microvilli
  2. basal (stem) cells
  3. single lumen to as smooth as epididymus ducts
  4. 3 smooth muscle layers (LCL) that contract during ejaculation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Accessory glands

A
  1. seminal vesicle
  2. prostate
  3. bulbourethral glands
  4. urethral glands (of littre)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

erectile tissue

A

fibromuscular CT
contains:
1. cavernous spaces
2. helicine arteries with valve-like intimal cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

helicine arteries

A
  1. with valve-like intimal fusion–smooth muscle cushion relaxes following nitric oxide release from parasympathetic nerves and subsequent cGMP production
    1. cGMP production–cavernous spaces fill with blood sufficiently to compress Venus plexuses leading to erection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cialis, Viagra

A

induces an erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mechanism of an erection

A

NO–>GC–>cGMP–>reduced concentration of calcium–>smooth muscle relaxation–>increased inflow of blood into penis–> Erection——->reduced cGMP–no erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

urethral glands

A

line urethra
mucous producing
protect urethra from urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)

A

secrete alkaline mucus
pre-ejaculate secretion
neutralizes any residual urine in urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prostate anatomy/structure/organization

A

four zones, anatomically and clinically distinct (McNeal Classification):

  1. central: 25% og gland, resistant to carcinoma and inflammation
  2. peripheral: 70% of gland, most carcinomas arise here; palpable by digital rectal exam
  3. translational: location of BPH
  4. Periurethral: location of BPH
22
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia proliferation of stromal and glandular tissue

23
Q

prostate cancer

A

peripheral zone of prostate

24
Q

prostate characteristics

A 
tubuloalveolar glands
psuedostratified columnar
fibromuscular stroma
secretes alkaline fluid (apocrine) containing:
1. prostate-specific antigen
2. fibrinolysis
3. citric acid 
4. zinc (inhibits WBCs)
5. corpora amylecea
25
Q

corpora amylecea

A

precipitates –may calcify
if enlarged–may block ducts

located in prostate–

26
Q

seminal vesicle structure/characteristics

A
  1. coiled tube
  2. highly infolded columnar with basal (stem) cells
  3. smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation (contributing 60% of semen volume)
27
Q

seminal vesicle secretes what?

A
  1. fructose
  2. flavins
  3. prostaglandins
  4. seminogelins I and II
28
Q

testis functions

A
  1. production of spermatozoa
  2. production of hormones for:
    a. sperm development and maturation
    b. development and maintenance of associated glands and of secondary sex characteristics
29
Q

testis compartments

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
    -adluminal/abluminal compartments
  2. interstitial tissue
    -peritubular myoid cells
    -leydig cells
    connective tissue and vessels
30
Q

seminiferous tubule events

A
  1. spermatogenesis (spermtocytogensis)
  2. meiosis
  3. spermatogenesis
  4. spermiation
31
Q

spermatogenesis

A

occurs in seminiferous tubule

  • proliferation of spermatogonia
  • generation of primary spermatocytes (all mitotically)
32
Q

meiosis in males

A

occurs in seminiferous tubule

-reductional (MI) and equational (M2) spermatocyte divisions resulting in haploid spermatids

33
Q

spermiogenesis

A

occurs in seminiferous tubule

-cytodifferentiation of round spermatids to elongate forms

34
Q

spermiation

A

occurs in seminiferous tubule

-release of spermatozoa from Sertoli cells

35
Q

seminiferous tubules

A
  • development and differentiate of spermatogenic cells takes ~75 days
  • each day ~200-300 million sperm cells produced (~20,000/minute)
  • production continues throughout life
  • 2-5 degrees below 37 degrees Celsius is the ideal temperature for spermatogenesis
36
Q

cells in the seminiferous tubule

A
  1. late spermiogenesis
  2. earlu spermatids
  3. secondary spermatocytes
  4. primary spermatocyte
  5. spermatogonium
  6. basal lamina
  7. Sertoli cell
37
Q

spermatogonia

A
  • small, round cells with oval to round rest on the basal lamina
  • spermatogonia type A remain undifferentiated stem cells; these divide by MITOSIS
  • spermatogonia type B undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes
  • type A and B cells cannot easily be distinguished microscopically
38
Q

primary spermatocytes

A
  • do not contact basal lamina
  • diploid, 4n DNA (i.e. these cells are in meiosis I)
  • long propose, thickened chromosomes
  • crossing over takes place:
  • MI completes to form secondary spermatocytes (haploid, 2n DNA) and these rapidly divide (MII)
39
Q

early spermatids

A
  • close to the lumen
  • small round to elongated
  • haploid, n DNA
  • do not divide further
  • undergo spermatogenesis, begin differentiating into spermatozoa
40
Q

spermiogenesis

A

occurs in semifinal follicles–maturing spermatozoa–lose residual bodes (excess cytoplasm of sperm)

  • sperm differentiation and maturation (still embedded in Sertoli cells)
  • development of acrosome (Golgi-derived, contains enzymes to break through granulosa cells and zona pellucida)
  • formation of tail (flagellum elongation)
  • excess of cytoplasm (residual bodies) discarded and sperm release into lumen (spermiation).
  • these sperm are non-motile
41
Q

mitosis

A

clone and connected by cytoplasmic brides; complete karyokinesis but incomplete cytokinesis
-type A dark and pale spermatogonia to type B dark spermatogonia

42
Q

meiosis

A

each is unique, but still are connected by cytoplasmic bridges
-primary, secondary spermatocytes produce early spermatids

43
Q

blood testis barrier

A

Sertoli cell tight junctions –actin filament bundles and epithelial cell tight junctions

44
Q

what rapidly divides to form spermatids?

A

secondary spermatocytes–resulting form Meiosis I–rarely visible

45
Q

interstitial tissue

A
  1. myoid cells

2. leydig cells

46
Q

myoid cells

A
  • myofibroblast-like cells (4-6 layers deep to seminiferous tubule basal lamina)
  • tubule contractility and sperm transport( sperm aren’t yet mobile)
  • contain receptors for endothelin ( made by Sertoli cells) which stimulates contraction
  • smooth muscle actin
47
Q

leydig cells

A

part of interstitial tissue

  • steroid secreting cells
    a. cholesterol esters
    b. abundant SER
    c. tubular cristae
  • possess LH (ICSH*) and prolactin receptors
  • produce testosterone:
    a. essential for spermatogenesis
    b. secondary sex characteristics
    c. accessory gland development
48
Q

hormonal regulation

A
  • high levels of testosterone needed for spermatogenesis/spermiogensis (200x plasma levels, achieved by androgen binding protein [ABP])
  • testosterone is converted to DHT (dihydrotestosterone by 5-alpha-reductase in many androgen-depended tissues-as well as external genitalia
49
Q

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

A

aka 5-ARD
-have non-masculinized external genitalia and are usually infertile due to the underdevelopment of reproductive tract glands (prostate, seminal vesicle)

50
Q

cryptorchidism

A

one or both testes fail to descend into scrotum

  • fertility is near zero for the bilateral condition: ~50% for unilateral
  • testicular cancer rates are increases with undescended testes
  • Leydig and Sertoli cells are unaffected by the higher temperature (37 degrees Celsius) and thus cryptorchid individuals have normal secondary sex characteristics

histology exam 3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions