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histology exam 3 > male reproduction > Flashcards

male reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

excurrent duct system

A

intratesticular and extratesticular

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2
Q

intratesticular duct system

A

seminiferous tubule terminus, straight tubules (tubule recti), rete testis

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3
Q

extratesticular duct system

A

efferent ductules, duct of epidemics, ductus deferens

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4
Q

types of cells in straight tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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5
Q

types of cells in seminiferous tubule terminus

A

Sertoli cells only

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6
Q

rete testis

A

simple cuboidal epithelium, many microvilli, fluid resorption to concentrate sperm

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7
Q

efferent ductules function

A

connect Rete to epididymis

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8
Q

efferent ductules cell type

A

psuedostratified columnar
short cells with microvilli
tall (ciliated**) cells [transport non-motile sperm]

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9
Q

structure/characteristics of efferent ductules

A

star-shaped lumen
surrounded by smooth muscle
resorbs most of fluid from testis

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10
Q

duct of epididymis

A

aka ductus epididymidis

long coiled tube, 4-6 m

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11
Q

duct of epididymis cells

A

psuedostratified columnar

  1. principal cells: tall and possess stereo cilia
  2. basal (stem) cells
  3. smooth apical surface
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12
Q

duct of epididymis functions

A
  1. absorbs fluid, debris (residual bodies)
  2. secrete products for sperm maturation (e.g. forward mobility protein)
  3. smooth muscle (1 layer proximally, 3 toward tail)
  4. transit through tubules: ~12 days
  5. tail stores sperm prior to ejaculation
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13
Q

ductus (vas) deferens

A
  1. psudeostratified columnar with long microvilli
  2. basal (stem) cells
  3. single lumen to as smooth as epididymus ducts
  4. 3 smooth muscle layers (LCL) that contract during ejaculation
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14
Q

Accessory glands

A
  1. seminal vesicle
  2. prostate
  3. bulbourethral glands
  4. urethral glands (of littre)
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15
Q

erectile tissue

A

fibromuscular CT
contains:
1. cavernous spaces
2. helicine arteries with valve-like intimal cushion

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16
Q

helicine arteries

A
  1. with valve-like intimal fusion–smooth muscle cushion relaxes following nitric oxide release from parasympathetic nerves and subsequent cGMP production
    1. cGMP production–cavernous spaces fill with blood sufficiently to compress Venus plexuses leading to erection
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17
Q

Cialis, Viagra

A

induces an erection

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18
Q

mechanism of an erection

A

NO–>GC–>cGMP–>reduced concentration of calcium–>smooth muscle relaxation–>increased inflow of blood into penis–> Erection——->reduced cGMP–no erection

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19
Q

urethral glands

A

line urethra
mucous producing
protect urethra from urine

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20
Q

bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)

A

secrete alkaline mucus
pre-ejaculate secretion
neutralizes any residual urine in urethra

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21
Q

prostate anatomy/structure/organization

A

four zones, anatomically and clinically distinct (McNeal Classification):

  1. central: 25% og gland, resistant to carcinoma and inflammation
  2. peripheral: 70% of gland, most carcinomas arise here; palpable by digital rectal exam
  3. translational: location of BPH
  4. Periurethral: location of BPH
22
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia proliferation of stromal and glandular tissue

23
Q

prostate cancer

A

peripheral zone of prostate

24
Q

prostate characteristics

A 
tubuloalveolar glands
psuedostratified columnar
fibromuscular stroma
secretes alkaline fluid (apocrine) containing:
1. prostate-specific antigen
2. fibrinolysis
3. citric acid 
4. zinc (inhibits WBCs)
5. corpora amylecea
25
corpora amylecea
precipitates --may calcify if enlarged--may block ducts located in prostate--
26
seminal vesicle structure/characteristics
1. coiled tube 2. highly infolded columnar with basal (stem) cells 3. smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation (contributing 60% of semen volume)
27
seminal vesicle secretes what?
1. fructose 2. flavins 2. prostaglandins 4. seminogelins I and II
28
testis functions
1. production of spermatozoa 2. production of hormones for: a. sperm development and maturation b. development and maintenance of associated glands and of secondary sex characteristics
29
testis compartments
1. seminiferous tubules -adluminal/abluminal compartments 2. interstitial tissue -peritubular myoid cells -leydig cells connective tissue and vessels
30
seminiferous tubule events
1. spermatogenesis (spermtocytogensis) 2. meiosis 3. spermatogenesis 4. spermiation
31
spermatogenesis
occurs in seminiferous tubule - proliferation of spermatogonia - generation of primary spermatocytes (all mitotically)
32
meiosis in males
occurs in seminiferous tubule | -reductional (MI) and equational (M2) spermatocyte divisions resulting in haploid spermatids
33
spermiogenesis
occurs in seminiferous tubule | -cytodifferentiation of round spermatids to elongate forms
34
spermiation
occurs in seminiferous tubule | -release of spermatozoa from Sertoli cells
35
seminiferous tubules
- development and differentiate of spermatogenic cells takes ~75 days - each day ~200-300 million sperm cells produced (~20,000/minute) - production continues throughout life - 2-5 degrees below 37 degrees Celsius is the ideal temperature for spermatogenesis
36
cells in the seminiferous tubule
1. late spermiogenesis 2. earlu spermatids 3. secondary spermatocytes 4. primary spermatocyte 5. spermatogonium 6. basal lamina 7. Sertoli cell
37
spermatogonia
- small, round cells with oval to round rest on the basal lamina - spermatogonia type A remain undifferentiated stem cells; these divide by MITOSIS - spermatogonia type B undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes - type A and B cells cannot easily be distinguished microscopically
38
primary spermatocytes
- do not contact basal lamina - diploid, 4n DNA (i.e. these cells are in meiosis I) - long propose, thickened chromosomes - crossing over takes place: - MI completes to form secondary spermatocytes (haploid, 2n DNA) and these rapidly divide (MII)
39
early spermatids
- close to the lumen - small round to elongated - haploid, n DNA - do not divide further - undergo spermatogenesis, begin differentiating into spermatozoa
40
spermiogenesis
occurs in semifinal follicles--maturing spermatozoa--lose residual bodes (excess cytoplasm of sperm) - sperm differentiation and maturation (still embedded in Sertoli cells) - development of acrosome (Golgi-derived, contains enzymes to break through granulosa cells and zona pellucida) - formation of tail (flagellum elongation) - excess of cytoplasm (residual bodies) discarded and sperm release into lumen (spermiation). - these sperm are non-motile
41
mitosis
clone and connected by cytoplasmic brides; complete karyokinesis but incomplete cytokinesis -type A dark and pale spermatogonia to type B dark spermatogonia
42
meiosis
each is unique, but still are connected by cytoplasmic bridges -primary, secondary spermatocytes produce early spermatids
43
blood testis barrier
Sertoli cell tight junctions --actin filament bundles and epithelial cell tight junctions
44
what rapidly divides to form spermatids?
secondary spermatocytes--resulting form Meiosis I--rarely visible
45
interstitial tissue
1. myoid cells | 2. leydig cells
46
myoid cells
- myofibroblast-like cells (4-6 layers deep to seminiferous tubule basal lamina) - tubule contractility and sperm transport( sperm aren't yet mobile) - contain receptors for endothelin ( made by Sertoli cells) which stimulates contraction - smooth muscle actin
47
leydig cells
part of interstitial tissue - steroid secreting cells a. cholesterol esters b. abundant SER c. tubular cristae - possess LH (ICSH*) and prolactin receptors - produce testosterone: a. essential for spermatogenesis b. secondary sex characteristics c. accessory gland development
48
hormonal regulation
- high levels of testosterone needed for spermatogenesis/spermiogensis (200x plasma levels, achieved by androgen binding protein [ABP]) - testosterone is converted to DHT (dihydrotestosterone by 5-alpha-reductase in many androgen-depended tissues-as well as external genitalia
49
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
aka 5-ARD -have non-masculinized external genitalia and are usually infertile due to the underdevelopment of reproductive tract glands (prostate, seminal vesicle)
50
cryptorchidism
one or both testes fail to descend into scrotum - fertility is near zero for the bilateral condition: ~50% for unilateral - testicular cancer rates are increases with undescended testes - Leydig and Sertoli cells are unaffected by the higher temperature (37 degrees Celsius) and thus cryptorchid individuals have normal secondary sex characteristics

histology exam 3 (5 decks)

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