urinary

Question 1

Normal urine:

Answer 1

odourless
clear
pale yellow or light amber
Blood, streaks of mucus or sediment in urine is not normal.

Question 2

Urine excretion increases:

Answer 2

with increased fluid intake
-when a person is anxious or afraid
- in certain diseases (diabetes)
-with certain drugs (diuretics)

Question 3

Urine decreases with:

Answer 3

decreased fluid intake
- shock or hemorrhage
- fever or disease
- drugs
- increased salt in diet
- temperature – sweating increased

Question 4

edema

Answer 4

refers to excess fluid in the tissues (swelling)

Question 5

dehydration

Answer 5

refers to reduced fluid in the tissues

Question 6

FUNCTION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

Answer 6

The Urinary system rids the blood of waste products and toxic material by filtering them out.
It r regulates the amount of fluid and salts in the body and so maintains a balance.
It excretes fluid wastes from the body

Question 7

CHANGES THAT NORMALLY OCCUR IN THE URINARY SYSTEM WITH AGING

Answer 7

Reduction in the number of filtering units in the kidney
 up to 50% of the filtering units may be lost
 kidneys filter blood less efficiently
- toxic wastes can build up in the blood since they are filtered out more slowly
- some nutrients are passed as waste products in the urine instead of being used by the body
Blood flow to the kidneys declines due to arteriosclerosis
 this also affects the filtering ability of the kidney
 kidneys don’t resist infection as well and recover from injury more slowly
Reduced muscle tone of the urinary tract
 organs and tissues become less elastic and have poorer muscle tone·
 capacity of bladder often is reduced by 50% and the urge to urinate does not occur until that
capacity is nearly reached·
 these changes may cause:
- frequency - voiding small amounts of urine often
- urgency - a strong desire to urinate immediately
- nocturia - having to get up during the night to void
- incontinence - inability to control the passage of urine from the bladder
Enlargement of the prostate gland in men
 the prostate gland surrounds the urethra
 in elderly males, this gland often enlarges, resulting in narrowing of the urethra
 may cause nocturia, difficulty in starting to void and narrowing of the stream of urine
 can be corrected by surgery and / or medications

Question 8

Urinary incontinence

Answer 8

Urinary incontinence means a person leaks urine by accident.

Question 9

UTI’s

Answer 9

common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract.

Question 10

Frequency

Answer 10

how often one pees

Question 11

Urgency

Answer 11

how soon

Question 12

Cystitis

Answer 12

inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection. It’s a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly in women

Question 13

Dialysis

Answer 13

Dialysis is a type of treatment that helps your body remove extra fluid and waste products from your blood when the kidneys are not able to.

Question 14

Urinalysis

Answer 14

a simple test that looks at a small sample of your urine. It can help find problems that need treatment, including infections or kidney problems

Question 15

Ileal Conduit

Answer 15

is the most common urinary diversion performed by urologists after a patient undergoes a radical cystectomy (bladder removal). It is a simple form of urinary tract reconstruction

Question 16

Urinary retention

Answer 16

urinary retention is a condition in which you are unable to empty all the urine from your bladder.

Question 17

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Answer 17

is a condition in men in which the prostate gland is enlarged and not cancerous.

Question 18

Nocturia

Answer 18

the need for patients to get up at night on a regular basis to urinate.

Question 19

Dysuria

Answer 19

painful or difficult urination.

Question 20

Hematuria

Answer 20

there is blood in your urine

Question 21

Anuria

Question 22

Urostomy

Answer 22

an opening in the belly (abdominal wall) that’s made during surgery. It re-directs urine away from a bladder that’s diseased, has been injured, or isn’t working as it should. The bladder is either bypassed or removed.

Question 23

Edema

Question 24

Pooling of urine WHAT HAPPENS

Answer 24

Urine accumulates in
kidneys, ureters, or
bladder because of
immobility.
Can lead to small
stones forming in the
ureters

Question 25

Pooling of urine prevention

Answer 25

increase fluid intake
to keep urine diluted
exercises
position in natural
position for voiding
change position
frequently

Question 26

Incomplete
emptying of
bladder what happens

Answer 26

Some urine is
retained in the
bladder when the
person voids. This
urine can be a source
of bladder infection

Question 27

Incomplete
emptying of
bladder prevention

Answer 27

increase fluids
position for voiding
exercise

Question 28

Urinary
incontinence what happens

Answer 28

Loss of muscle control
causing dribbling of
urine or
uncontrolled voiding.

Question 29

Urinary
incontinence prevention

Answer 29

encourage and provide
for regularity in voiding
exercise and activity
encourage fluids to
keep urine dilute
positioning

Question 30

Kidneys

Answer 30

Bean shaped, size of fist,
above waist
 Millions nephrons to filte

Question 31

Ureters

Answer 31

2 tube from kidneys to
bladder,
 Involuntary muscle-
peristalsis

Question 32

Urinary Bladder

Answer 32

Muscle organ, very
elastic
 In pelvic cavity behind
pubis,
 ~500 ml capacity

Question 33

Urethra

Answer 33

Tube from bladder to
meatus

Question 34

Urinary Meatus

Answer 34

Opening to outside

Question 35

Urinary system function

Answer 35

Filtering
 Rids blood of wastes &
toxic materials by
 Every hour all blood in
body is filtered twice thru
kidney
Regulates
 Amount of fluid & salts
Excretes
 Fluid wastes
 1500 -3000 ml of urine in
24 hours

Question 36

PREVENTION- TREATMENT infections

Answer 36

Asepsis to prevent cross contamination
✓ Increase fluids to 2000 ml
✓ Position for voiding
✓ Exercise
✓ Antibiotics

Question 37

HCA best practices care

Answer 37

✓ Regular toileting routine
✓ High fluid intake up to
3000 ml a day to dilute
urine and prevent stasis
✓ Asepsis -good skin care
✓ Good catheter care
✓ Sensitivity in caregiver

Question 38

prostate cancer

Answer 38

Canada- 1 in 7 males over 50- seeing earlier
onset in 40’s
 26,000 new cases, 4100 deaths each year
 S&S: often none in early most treatable stage-
painful slow urine, pus/blood in urine, pain in
back, abdomen- 90% curable if treated early
 Treatment: surgery, chemo, radiation,
hormones
 After successful treatment- incontinent,
impotent
 Some aggressive, some slow growing
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Question 39

Blader cancers

Answer 39

Bladder:
 In US- 69,000+ new cases each year –
15,000 deaths
Causes: 50% caused from smoking, also-
arsenic, workplace chemicals, family Hx
S & S- Hematuria, pain in back, weight
loss
Treatment- surgery, chemotherapy,
radiation
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Question 40

Kidney cancer

Answer 40

Kidney-
 Often over age 40
 Risk factors- smoking,
obesity, hypertension
 S & S- Hematuria, pain
in back, fever, weight
loss
 Treatment- surgery,
chemotherapy,
radiation
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