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161 > CIRCULATION & BLOOD VESSELS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CIRCULATION & BLOOD VESSELS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

RBC

A

Red blood cells

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2
Q

Red blood cells made were

A

Made in bone marrow- last 3-4 months
4

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3
Q

Anemia

A

Low red blood cell count
⚫ Decreases amount of oxygen going to tissues
and feeding cells
⚫ Many types
⚫ Makes other conditions worse

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4
Q

Causes Anemia :

A

Bleeding- bowel, rectum, vaginal
⚫ Pregnancy
⚫ Poor nutrition
⚫ Alcoholism
⚫ Chronic diseases 5

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5
Q

WBC

A

White blood cell

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6
Q

what do red blood cels do

A

trans port oxigen p/u O2 in lungs →
bright red → cells → CO2 into RBC →
dark bluish red

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7
Q

what do white blood cels do

A

protect by ingesting and destroying bacteria/
virus move out of vessels into tissue to
fight invaders anywhere
⚫ Made in bone marrow- last 9-10 days
6

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8
Q

Platelets

A

cells necessary for clotting
Made in bone marrow- last 4 days

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9
Q

Plasma

A

mostly water that carries
blood cells(RBC, WBC, platelets),
nutrients, hormones, chemicals to cells,
carries away waste

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10
Q

STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF
HEART

A

Hollow, 2 sided pump to
push blood through
vessels
Right side:
⚫ Blood from body
⚫ Blood high in CO2
(dark red)
⚫ Pumps blood to lungs
Left side:
⚫ blood from lungs
⚫ blood high in O2
(bright red)
⚫ pumps blood to body

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11
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

Pericardium
- outer, thin sac covering
Heart
Myocardium
- thick muscular middle layer
Endocardium –
- inner, membrane lining chambers

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12
Q

4 chambers:

A

R atrium – fills with
blood from body
R ventricle –blood from atrium pumped to
lungs
L atrium – fills with blood from lungs
L ventricle – blood from L atrium pumped to
body 11

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13
Q

2 groups of valves

A

Tricuspid – between R atrium & R ventricle
⚫ Mitral/bicuspid – between L atrium & L ventricle

Semilunar - Aortic and Pulmonary Valve

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14
Q

2 phases of heart action:

A

Diastole – fills with blood from lungs/body
Systole – contracts to pump to lungs/body

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15
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart - bright red O2
▪ Aorta from L ventricle to arterioles to cells
▪ thick muscular walls to contract/ relax w/heart beat

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16
Q

Capillaries

A

very tiny one cell thick vessels
▪ Exchange O2, CO2, nutrients takes place with cells
▪ Arterioles ⇒ capillaries ⇒ venules

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17
Q

Veins

A

dark red CO2 blood from cells to heart
▪ Inferior/superior vena cava empty into R atrium
▪ Thin walls with valves to prevent backflow of blood
13

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18
Q

FUNCTION OF
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

Carries:
⚫ oxygen, nutrients to cells
⚫ hormones to regulate body
processes
⚫ antibodies and white blood
cells to fight infection
⚫ wastes to organs of
elimination
Controls body temperature

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19
Q

HEMORRHAGE

A

Excessive loss of blood in a short time
⚫ Death will occur if too much blood is lost

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20
Q

Internal HEMORRHAGE

A

cannot be seen-occurs in tissue
and body cavities- becomes reddened,
swollen
⚫ Shock, vomiting/coughing up of blood, loss
of consciousness

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21
Q

External HEMORRHAGE

A

can be seen on dressings,
drainage
⚫ Shock can occur

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22
Q

AGING- CARDIOVASCULAR

A

⚫ Arteriosclerosis
⚫ Venus circulation
⚫ Heart less efficient
⚫ Fragile blood
vessels
⚫ Hypertension
⚫ Heart rate
⚫ Peripheral pulses
16

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23
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Arteriosclerosis is a type of vascular disease where the blood vessels carrying oxygen away from the heart (arteries) become damaged from factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes and certain genetic influences.

24
Q

Peripheral pulses

A

the palpation of the high-pressure wave of blood moving away from the heart through vessels in the extremities following systolic ejection

25
Q

Edema

A

occurs when the heart’s diseased or overworked left ventricle (heart’s lower chamber) isn’t able to pump out enough of the blood it receives from your lungs.

26
Q

Edema treatment

A

contract/relax muscles
helps blood return to heart

27
Q

Thrombus

A

⚫ lead to thrombophlebitis /embolus
Prevention:
⚫ exercise/ROM
⚫ position to ↓ pressure
⚫ NEVER MASSAGE LEGS

28
Q

Dizziness

A

sudden  BP from lying
to sitting,  blood to brain

Prevention:
⚫ sit, stand slowly 17

29
Q

PHLEBITIS

A

blood clot forming in the leg
Causes:
⚫ bacterial infection, chemical irritation,
⚫ trauma, lupus, genetics
Signs & Symptoms:
⚫ Redness, warmth, pain, burning,
swelling
19

30
Q

THROMBUS – EMBOLUS(I)

A

Blood clot in vessel
⚫ Decreases/stops flow of blood to tissue
⚫ If it stops flow of blood then tissue dies
Causes:
⚫ blood clotting problems, inactivity
⚫ When thrombus travels it is called an embolus
⚫ Can travel to lungs⇒ severe SOB, death
Prevention:
⚫ anticoagulant medication
⚫ activity 20

31
Q

Venous ulcers

A

Open wounds on legs
and feet caused by
poor circulation
through veins
⚫ Blood pools in lower
legs, causes edema
Causes: inactivity,
injury, scratching

32
Q

Arterial Ulcers

A

Open wounds on
lower legs caused by
poor arterial blood
flow
⚫ Leg looks bluish,
cold, shiny
⚫ Painful during rest
Causes: Diabetes,
hypertension, aging,
smoking 21

33
Q

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR
DISEASE

A

Inadequate blood to limbs
due to  elasticity of
arteries- arteriosclerosis
⚫ Feet blue, cold, painful,
⚫ Numbness, poor healing,
gangrene=↓blood +
infection → death of cells
→ ↑ poisons & wastes
Tx – Test circulation
amputation to  spread
22

34
Q

HYPERTENSION
Caused by

A

arteriosclerosis - narrowed blood
vessels ⇒heart has to pump with more force/ work
harder ⇒heart enlarged, damage eyes,
kidneys/other organs, vessels in the brain
rupture(stroke)

35
Q

HYPERTENSION Signs & symptoms

A

None initially then headache, dizzy, blurred vision

36
Q

Complications: HYPERTENSION

A

Brain-stroke, heart attack, kidney-renal failure,
eyes-blindness

37
Q

Treatment HYPERTENSION

A

Medications, rest, exercise, no smoking, 
sodium diet,  calorie 25

38
Q

How at risk are you? HYPERTENSION

A

age, increases with age (over 35)
⚫ Race, African, South Asia, and Indigenous descent
⚫ Family history
⚫ Being overweight or obese
⚫ Not being physically active, 30 min of activity 3-4 a
week
⚫ Using tobacco
⚫ Too much salt (sodium) in your diet, 1tsp a day
⚫ Drinking too much alcohol, more than 2 drinks
⚫ Stress.
⚫ Certain chronic conditions, diabetes, kidney disease
and sleep apnea
26

39
Q

Stroke - FAST

A

F – Face
⚫ A – Arms
⚫ S – Speech
⚫ T - Time

40
Q

STROKE)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

A

Unconsciousness
⚫ Paralysis of body
(hemiplegia) on
opposite side of the
brain damage
⚫ Noisy breathing
⚫ Convulsions
⚫ Acute incontinence
of urine, feces
⚫ Loss of ability to
speak (aphasi

41
Q

Systolic

A

measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats

42
Q

diastolic

A

measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.

43
Q

High blood pressure

A

Systolic ≥140 mm Hg
❑ diastolic ≥ 90 mm Hg
❑ 2 consecutive readings

44
Q

HYPERTENSION risk factors

A

age ethnicity family history obesity
stress
alcohol smoking
kidney desease
pregnancy

45
Q

Low Blood Pressure

A

systolic below 90
diastolic below 60

46
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

moving quickly
from lying to standing

47
Q

Syncope

A

fainting

48
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

hickening of artery walls due to
build up of cholesterol

49
Q

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Risk factors:

A

Hypertension, high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia),
poor lifestyle (inactivity, obesity, smoking, alcohol,
stress)
⚫ Uncontrolled Diabetes, age, gender, family history
Treatment: Reduce risk factors!

50
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Caused from
decreased blood
flow to heart
muscle
⚫ Often occurs on
exertion
30

51
Q

Triggers of Angina

A

Physical Exertion
⚫ Heat /Cold
⚫ Emotional Stress
⚫ Heavy Meal
⚫ Alcohol

52
Q

Signs & Symptoms:

A

⚫ Chest pain- left side
⚫ Shortness of Breath
⚫ Indigestion
⚫ Sweating
⚫ Dizziness
⚫ Fatigue
⚫ Palpitations
31

53
Q

Care for Clients with Angina

A

Avoid triggers
⚫ Rest - stop exertion activity
⚫ Medication–nitroglycerine (pills, spray, patch)
⚫ Should recover in 3-15 minutes
⚫ Seek medical attention if pain continues
⚫ Bypass surgery

54
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

A

HEART ATTACK

55
Q

Signs & symptoms CONGESTIVE HEART
FAILURE

A

Edema of legs/feet/hands
⚫ Weight gain(fluid retention)
⚫ Pulmonary edema,(fluid in
lungs) dyspnea

56
Q

CONGESTIVE HEART
FAILURE

A

Heart worn out, ↓force to pump
⚫ blood congests in body/lungs

57
Q

(T.I.A.’S)

A

TRANS ISCHEMIC ATTACKS “WARNING STROKES

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