Urinary

Question 1

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) mechanism

Answer 1

(1) blood pressure low - (refer “a”)
(2) dehydrated

a.) kidney releases renin
b.) angiotensinogen
c.) angiotensin 1 (A1)
d.) angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) (in lungs)
e.) angiotensin 2 (A2)
a1) vasoconstriction
a2) raises blood pressure
b1) release of aldosterone
b2) reabsorption of sodium
b3) attract water

Question 2

When a person has low BP

Answer 2

(Low) BP = Cardiac output (CO) x Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Question 3

Nonpathological; excessive intake of sugary foods
Pathological; Diabetes mellitus

Answer 3

Glycosuria

Question 4

Nonpathological; physical exertion, pregnancy
Pathological; glomerulonephritis, hypertension

Answer 4

Proteinuria

Question 5

Urinary tract infection

Answer 5

Pyuria

Question 6

Bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)

Answer 6

Hematuria

Question 7

Various: Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

Answer 7

Hemoglobinuria

Question 8

Liver disease (hepatitis)

Answer 8

Bilirubinuria

Question 9

Name of condition of these substances:
1.) Glucose
2.) Proteins
3.) Pus (WBCs and bacteria)
4.) RBCs
5.) Hemoglobin
6.) Bile Pigment

Answer 9

1.) Glycosuria
2.) Proteinuria
3.) Pyuria
4.) Hematuria
5.) Hemoglobinuria
6.) Bilirubinuria