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Clin path exam 3 > Urinanalysis > Flashcards

Urinanalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Normal pH for carnivores

A

5.5-7.5

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2
Q

Normal pH for herbivores

A

7-8.5

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3
Q

Where in the renal tubule is glucose normally resorbed?

A

Proximal renal tubules

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4
Q

T/F: Glucose is normal in urine

A

True

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5
Q

Three types of ketones

A

Acetone*
Acetoacetate**
B-hydroxybutyrate

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6
Q

What effect does sperm have on urine protein?

A

Positive protein reaction

Positive blood reaction

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7
Q

Normal canine specific gravity

A

> 1.030

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8
Q

Normal feline specific gravity

A

> 1.040

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9
Q

Normal large animal specific gravity

A

> 1.025

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10
Q

Hyposthenuria

A

Kidney can DILUTE but cannot concentrate

*Unresponsive to ADH

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11
Q

What part of the nephron still is functional with hyposthenuria?

A

Proximal renal tubule and loop of henle

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12
Q

Isosthenuria

A

Kidney cannot concentrate OR dilute urine

USG 1.008-1.012

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13
Q

Types of epithelial cells seen in urine

A

Squamous
Transitional
Caudate
Renal tubular epithelium

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14
Q

Where do squamous epithelial cells originate from?

A

Distal urethra

Vagina/prepuce

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15
Q

Where do transitional epithelial cells originate from?

A

Urinary bladder

Proximal urethra

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16
Q

Where do caudate epithelial cells originate from?

A

Renal pelvis
**Not normal to see in urine
(Looks like tadpoles)

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17
Q

Where do renal tubular epithelial cells originate from?

A

Renal parenchyma

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18
Q

What does it indicate if renal tubular epithelial cells are seen?

A

Renal damage or inflammation

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19
Q

What types of casts are normal in low numbers?

A

Granular

Hyaline

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20
Q

Epithelial (cellular) casts

A

Nephritis

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21
Q

Granular casts

A

Renal tubular damage

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22
Q

Waxy casts

A

Chronic tubular lesion/disease

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23
Q

Order of cast formation

A

Cellular
Coarsely granular
Finely granular
Waxy

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24
Q

Fatty casts

A

Fatty degeneration of epithelial cells
Cats
Hyperlipidemia

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25
Q

Hemoglobin casts

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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26
Q

What type of crystal is normal to be seen in horse, rabbit, guinea pig, elephant?

A

Calcium carbonate

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27
Q

What type of crystal can be an artifact formed with refrigerated samples?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP, struvite)

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28
Q

Urates seen in what predisposed breeds?

A

Dalmation

English bulldog

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29
Q

Uric acid

A

Avian urine

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30
Q

Two forms of Calcium oxalate

A

Dihydrate

Monohydrate

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31
Q

Calcium oxalate dihydrate seen in urine means what?

A

Normal

32
Q

Calcium oxalate monohydrate seen in urine means what?

A

Ethylene glycol posioning

33
Q

Ammonium biurate

A

Sever hepatic disease (shunt, sago palm)

34
Q

Bilirubin crystals

A

Normal in low numbers
Always significant in cats
Extavascular hemolysis
Liver disease

35
Q

Cystine crystals

A

Look for urolith!

I cant C U - cystine, urate

36
Q

Sulfa crystals

A

Patients administered sulfa-containing drugs

37
Q

Other things that can be seen in urine

A

Bacteria
Blood
Lipid droplets
Fungal organisms (Aspergillosis)
Yeast (Candida, indwelling catheters)
Parasites (Trichuris, Pearsonema, Dioctophyma)
Neoplasia (Atypical transitional epithelium)

38
Q

Clinical signs of renal disease

A 
Nonspecific signs
Vomiting, dehydration
Halitosis, oral ulcerations
Palpable abnormalities
Changes in water intake, urination
39
Q

When can PU/PD be seen?

A

Acute/progressive phases of chronic disease

Recovery phase of acute kidney injury

40
Q

Ways to become PU/PD

A 
Osmotic diuresis/medullary washout
Decreased ADH
ADH resistance
Iatrogenic (diuretics, steriods, anticonvulsant)
Psychogenic
41
Q

Medullary washout

A

Chronic PU/PD

Liver failure

42
Q

Causes of osmotic diuresis

A

Chronic renal disease
Diabetes mellitus
Fanconi syndrome
Post-ostructive disease

43
Q

Causes of decreased ADH secretion

A

Central diabetes insipidus

Damage to pituitary

44
Q

ADH resistance

A

Common cause of PU/PD

Secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

45
Q

Anemia with chronic renal disease caused by what?

A

Decreased EPO production

46
Q

What are BUN and creatinine markers for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

47
Q

Azotemia

A

Increased BUN and/or creatinine (due to decreased GFR)

48
Q

Uremia

A

Clinical signs of azotemia

49
Q

What can cause increased BUN?

A

Decreased GFR
High protein diet
Hemorrhage (GI)
Increased protein catabolism

50
Q

Types of Azotemia

A

Pre-renal
Renal
Post renal (Obstruction, extra-renal)

51
Q

Pre-renal azotemia

A

Dehydration, shock

52
Q

Renal azotemia

A

75% renal mass lost

53
Q

Post-renal azotemia

A

Obstruction
Leakage of urine into abdomial cavity
Hypovolemia (endotoxins, decreased medullary hypertonicity, electrolyte abnormalities, endocrine disorders)

54
Q

Signs of Renal disease without azotemia

A

Proteinuria
Glucosuria withouth hyperglycemia
Casts
Reduced ability to concentrate in dehydrated animal

55
Q

Cause of decreased BUN

A

Hepatic failure/shunt

56
Q

Increased serum creatinine

A

Decreased GFR
Same diseases as BUN
Not typically GI or hemorrhage
Severe muscle damage

57
Q

Decreased serum creatinine

A

Significant loss of muscle mass

Pregnancy

58
Q

Creatinine in abdominal fluid

A

uroabdomen

59
Q

Urinary biomarkers

A 
SDMA
Cystatin C
FGF-23
NGAL
Immunoglobulins
ETC
60
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Anuric or oliguric renal failure (decreased excretion)

61
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Polyuric renal failure (loss)

62
Q

Pre-renal elevation of sodium

A

Dehydration

63
Q

Renal decreased sodium

A

Chronic renal failure

64
Q

High K, low Na

A

Uroabdomen

65
Q

Low K, low Na

A

Chronic kidney disease

66
Q

Two types of metabolic acidosis

A

Loss of bicarb (kidneys conserve Cl)

Build up of acids (kidneys do NOT conserve Cl)

67
Q

Causes of loss of chloride (without loss of sodium)

A

GI: loss of chloride rich fluid (vomiting), sequestration (displaced abomasum, GDV)

Renal: renal disease

Cutaneous: sweating (horses)

68
Q

Causes of hyperphosphatemia

A

Renal disease (decreased P excretion)

69
Q

Why is control of hyperphosphatemia important?

A

Causes secondary hyperparathyroidism -> bone resorption and renal mineralization ( wants to elevate Ca and dump P)
Renal damage
Oral phosphate binders

70
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Usually in horses with renal dz

71
Q

Cattle in renal failure have elevated _____

A

fibrinogen

72
Q

Dogs in renal failure have elevated ____ and ____

A

amylase, lipase

73
Q

Animals with chronic kidney disease are usually

A

anemic and polyuric

74
Q

Animals with acute kidney injury are

A

anuric, oliguric

75
Q

Urine protein : creatinine ratio

A

Can diagnose PLN

76
Q

Urine fractional excretion used to determine what?

A

Renal clearance of various substances

77
Q

Water deprivation test

A

Not usually used

Tests ability of kidneys to concentrate urine

Clin path exam 3 (6 decks)

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