Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CLP 303 > Urinalysis Clinical Significance and Findings (From MTS Module) > Flashcards

Urinalysis Clinical Significance and Findings (From MTS Module) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of WBC found in urine sediment?

A

Neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

WBC’s enter the urinary system through the ________

A

Glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When abnormal numbers of WBC are present, the sample will appear _______

A

cloudy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If a sample contains only Lymphocytes, the Leukocyte pad on the dipstick will show ______

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The _____ of the urine impacts the appearance of RBC

A

Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RBC may be present due to:

A
  1. Injury of Urinary Tract

2. Disease of Urinary Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In concentrated urine, RBC’s crenate due to the process of:

A

The cell losing water and shrinking, becomes covered with small spiny projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In dilute urine, RBCs absorb water and what happens next?

A

The cell swells and loses its Hemoglobin, becomes a Ghost RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When significant numbers of RBC are in urine, the sample will appear _________ in colour and ______ (clarity)

A

Red/brown, Cloudy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False: Even lysed RBCs will produce a positive dipstick for Blood

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

RBC’s in large numbers can be a sign of what 2 diseases?

A

Glomerulonephritis or Malignancy of Kidney/Bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the origin of Squamous Epithelial Cells?

A

Male: Distal third of urethra
Female: All of the urethra and vaginal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false: Transitional Epithelial Cells can absorb water and appear larger than normal

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the original of Transitional Epithelial Cells?

A

Line the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and proximal urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In large numbers, Transitional Epithelial Cells indicate:

A

Infection or Inflammation of the Urinary Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or False: If Transitional Epithelial Cells appear abnormal, it is not clinically significant.

A

False. Abnormal looking TEC are indicative of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Casts are formed in the ______ and ______

A

Distal tubules and Collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protein fibrils may form and attach to tubular walls forming a cast in the presence of what 3 things?

A

Concentrated urine, decreased urine output and acidic pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or False: Anything inside the tubular lumen at the time of cast formation can be incorporated into the cells

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Casts will produce a positive dipstick pad for:

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T or F: Hyaline casts are commonly seen due to Stress

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F: Increased numbers of casts are seen in all diseases of the kidney and are indicative of kidney disease

A

False. Casts are seen in all diseases of the kidney, but are not indicative of renal disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Granular casts may be formed by the degeneration of ________

A

Cellular casts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T or F: Granular Casts and Cellular Casts usually go hand in hand

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
T or F: If a WBC or RBC cast does not have a distinct border surrounding the cells, it is still considered a RBC or WBC Cast
False. Without a distinct border, it is only a clump of cells
26
WBC casts are indicative that the free WBCs originated in the _______
kidney
27
T or F: RBC can enter the nephron through a healthy Glomerulus
False. RBC enter the nephron through a damaged glomerular membrane or injury to the renal tubule
28
A RBC Cellular cast will produce a positive dipstick for what 2 things?
Protein and Blood
29
T or F: RBC Casts are the most diagnostic of all elements in urinary sediment
TRUE
30
The presence of RBC Casts in urine sediment is always _________
Pathological
31
RBC Casts are primarily indicative of an acute disorder of the _______
Glomerulus
32
Waxy Casts represent the last stage in the degeneration of _________
Hyaline, Granular or Cellular casts
33
Waxy Casts form when the flow of urine is ______
decreased or slow
34
Waxy Casts are indicative of _______ disease
End Stage Renal Disease
35
Fatty Casts are usually associated with _______ (disease)
Nephrotic Syndrome
36
What is the ideal chemical property of Calcium Oxalate crystals?
Acidic or Neutral
37
________ is the major component of kidney stones in adults
Calcium Oxalate
38
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate are also seen in ________ poisoning
Ethylene Glycol
39
What is the ideal chemical property of Struvite crystals?
Alkaline only
40
T or F: Struvites in urine are always normal.
False Can be associated with Kidney disease
41
What is the ideal chemical property of Calcium Carbonate crystals?
Alkaline only
42
T or F: Ammonium Biurate presence indicated disease
False. Usually normal or poorly preserved sample
43
Bilirubin is associated with several ______ disorders
Hepatic
44
T or F: Bilirubin is always found single, on its own
False. It is often adhered to surfaces of cells or dissipating through casts
45
The ideal chemical property of Cholestrol crystals is:
Acidic only
46
Cholsterol crystals are often accompanied by a positive dipstick for _____
Protein
47
Cholesterol crystals are often associated with _______ (disease)
Nephrotic Syndrome
48
The description best fits which Crystal: | Colourless, thin, hexagonal plates found in Acidic Urine, Often stacked on top of each other, Often cracked
Cystine crystals
49
Cystine crystals are found in the inherited condition:
Cystinuria
50
______ are the most frequent cause of kidney stones in (human) children
Cystine
51
Crystals often following antibiotic use are called
Sulfonamide
52
Sulfonamide crystals are sometimes associated to what disease?
Kidney stones
53
Name 3 urine artifacts of little or no clinical significance
1. Fiber 2. Mucus 3. Starch crystals
54
The most common bacterial causes of Urinary Tract Infection are _________
Gram Negative Rods
55
Gram negative rods produce a dipstick positive for _____
Nitrate
56
Presence of bacteria in a fresh sample may indicate infection of the ______ or ______, especially if WBC are present too
Kidney, Lower Urinary Tract
57
If WBC are not present, large amounts of bacteria may indicate ______
poor sample handling
58
Long, snake like bacterial rods are called ______ and are commonly seen in vaginal contamination
Lactobacillus
59
______ is the most common cause of UTI in immunocompromised or diabetic patients
Yeast
60
2 things that cause air bubbles in sediment:
1. Sample mixed too vigorously | 2. Drop of sediment is unevenly distributed
61
Starch Crystals most commonly come from:
Latex powdered gloves
62
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Renal disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to glomeruli
63
What are 3 things you would expect to find in urine sediment from a patient with ACUTE Glomerulonephritis
1. Positive dipstick for protein and blood 2. RBC and WBC 3. RBC Casts, Hyaline and Granular Casts
64
What are 3 things you would expect to find in urine sediment from a patient with CHRONIC Glomerulonephritis
1. Positive dipstick for Protein and Blood 2. RBC and WBC 3. Granular and Waxy casts
65
Define Nephrotic Syndrome
Increased permeability of the glomerulus and simultaneous clinical findings such as decreased levels of protein in the blood, increased levels of fat in the blood and edema
66
Define Pylonephritis
Acute or chronic infection of the Upper Urinary Tract involving tubules or pelvis of kidney
67
Pylonephritis (infection of Upper Kidney) will produce a positive dipstick for what 3 things:
Protein, Leukocytes and Nitrate (if the bacteria creates Nitrite)
68
Define Acute Tubular Necrosis
Destruction of the renal tubular epithelial cells due to reduced blood flow or a toxic insult
69
T or F: Kidney damage as a result of End Stage Renal Disease is often reversible
False. It is irreversible
70
Chronic Renal Failure/End Stage Renal Disease is defined as:
Progressive loss of renal function
71
A fixed specific gravity of 1.010 is an indicator of what disease
Chronic Renal Failure/End Stage Renal Disease
72
Lower Urinary Tract Infection includes Infection of the:
Urethra (urethritis) or Bladder (cystitis)
73
80% of Lower Urinary Tract Infections are caused by _________ bacteria
E. Coli
74
Kidney Stones are also called _____
Calculi
75
______ % of Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) contain Calcium Oxalate
70-80%
76
Renal Calculi containing cystine are associated with the inherited disorder _______
Cystinuria
77
The presence of RBC's without any other abnormal findings may be early indication of ________
Bladder Cancer
78
Abnormal transitional epithelial cells are indicative of _____
Bladder Cancer

CLP 303 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions