Production of Blood Cells & Precursors

Question 1

Identify the nucleated cells

Answer 1

Both are neutrophilic bands

Question 2

Identify the cell

Answer 2

Basophilic Rubricyte

Question 3

Identify each nucleated cell

Answer 3

Left: Band

Right: Neutrophil

Question 4

Identify each cell

Answer 4

A: Metamyelocyte

B: Band

C: Myelocyte

Question 5

Identify the nucleated cell in the center

Answer 5

Metarubricyte

Question 6

Identify the nucleated cell in the center

Answer 6

Rubricyte

Question 7

Identify the cell and describe the key features that lead you to the identification

Answer 7

Metamyelocyte.

• Coarse, clumped chromatin
• Kidney bean shape nucleus

Question 8

Identify the cell and describe the key features that lead you to the identification

Answer 8

Metarubricyte.

• Small
• Nucleus is pyknotic
• Cytoplasm is polychromatic or eosinophilic

Question 9

Identify the cell and describe the key features that lead you to the identification

Answer 9

Myelocyte

• Coarse, clumped chromatin
• Granular (secondary granules)
• Round/oval shaped nucleus

Question 10

Identify the cell and describe the key features that lead you to the identification

Answer 10

Myeloblast.

• Very fine, granular chromatin
• Nucleoli within nucleus
• Deep, basophilic cytoplasm

Question 11

Identify each nucleated cell. (Left, Upper and Lower)

Answer 11

Left: Neutrophil

Upper: Metamyelocyte

Lower: Band

Question 12

Identify the two nucleated cells and describe the difference between the two

Answer 12

Left: Neutrophil

Right: Band

• Neutrophil nucleus is pinched and is thinner
• Neutrophil chromatin is more condensed and basophilic
• Neutrophil is a bit smaller in size (more mature)

Question 13

Identify the nucleated cell

Answer 13

Polychromatic rubricyte

Question 14

Identify the cell on top

Answer 14

Promyelocyte

Question 15

Identify the two cells

Answer 15

Prorubricytes

Question 16

Identify the WBC at the top right of the image

Answer 16

Metamyelocyte

Question 17

Identify each WBC

Answer 17

3 neutrophils, upper cell is a Monocyte

Question 18

Identify and describe the key features that lead to its identification

Answer 18

Rubriblast.

• large, round nucleus
• delicate, stippled chromatin
• thin rim of cytoplasm
• very royal blue cytoplasm
• Perinuclear clear zone

Question 19

Identify the nucleated cells and describe the key features that lead to its identification

Answer 19

Rubricytes.

• Checkerboard chromatin
• Round nucleus

Question 20

Define hematopoiesis

Answer 20

the production of all types of blood cells

Question 21

What is the term for production of Granulocytes? (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils)

Answer 21

Granulopoiesis

Question 22

Define erythropoiesis

Answer 22

production of RBCs

Question 23

What is the term for the production of platelets?

Answer 23

Thrombopoiesis

Question 24

What is erythropoeitin?

Answer 24

Hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the production of RBCs

Question 25

Erythropoietin is released to produce RBCs. What other type of cell is produced this way as a "side effect"?

Answer 25

Thrombocytes

Question 26

In a fetus, Hematopoiesis occurs in several different sites. What are these sites?

Answer 26

Red bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus

Question 27

In a healthy adult, where does Hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 27

Only in the red bone marrow

Question 28

Define extramedullary hematopoiesis

Answer 28

when an animal has an increased need for blood cells, the spleen can start producing them again

Question 29

Define splenomegaly

Answer 29

An enlarged spleen due to over-production of blood cells

Question 30

What conditions (2) could cause an increased need for blood cells?

Answer 30

Anemia -- need more RBCs Pyometra -- neutrophils are in the uterus and have vacated the bone marrow, creating a need for more neutropils in the bone marrow

Question 31

Hematopoiesis begins with a _______ cell

Answer 31

Stem

Question 32

What are two features that are unique to stem cells and no other cells?

Answer 32

1. Can differentiate itself into different specialized cells or subcategories 2. It can clone itself

Question 33

When a stem cell specializes/categorizes itself, it loses the ability to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 33

Replicate itself

Question 34

During the process of a stem cell differentiating itself into a specialized cell, abnormalities in the process can develop into what condition?

Answer 34

leukemia

Question 35

As a blood cell matures, the cell as well as the nucleus _____ in size (increase or decrease)

Answer 35

decrease

Question 36

Why do immature cells stain more basophilic?

Answer 36

They have more RNA than mature cells which stains basophilic

Question 37

As RBC's mature they produce ______ which gives them the eosinophilic colour due to staining habits

Answer 37

Hemoglobin

Question 38

When the neutrophil concentration in circulation increases, the concentration of ________ (WBC) in circulation increases as well, due to the fact that they share a common stem cell

Answer 38

Monocytes

Question 39

On average, how many days does Hematopoiesis take?

Answer 39

6

Question 40

If there is an increased demand for blood cells, the body can shorten the amount of time it takes to produce blood cells (6 days usually). What is the disadvantage here?

Answer 40

Accelerating Granulopoiesis process can result in toxic changes to cells

Question 41

True or false: Toxic changes in cells can be due to toxicity

Answer 41

False. Toxic changes have nothing to do with toxicity. It directly relates to Accelerated Granulopoiesis.

Question 42

List in order the stages of Granulocyte development starting with Stem cell. Where along this development does division stop?

Answer 42

1. Stem cell 2. Myeloblast 3. Promyelocyte 4. Myelocyte (division stops here) 5. Metamyelocyte 6. Band 7. Mature Granulocyte

Question 43

1 Myeloblast can produce up to _____ neutrophils

Answer 43

32

Question 44

True or false: Myeloblasts are only in the bone marrow, so you won't ever see them in circulation.

Answer 44

true

Question 45

What are Azurophilic granules? Which type of cell are these found in?

Answer 45

Pink/Purple in colour and also referred to as Primary Granules. Only found in Promyelocytes

Question 46

At which point in the Granulopoiesis process can you identify which type of Granulocyte the cell is going to be? (Whether its going to be a Neutrophi, Eosinophil or Basophil)

Answer 46

When it develops into a Myelocyte

Question 47

\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the only blood cell that can re-enter the bloodstream from tissues and continue to recirculate.

Answer 47

Lymphocytes

Question 48

Because a Monocyte has a transit time of \_\_\_\_\_\_, most monocytes in circulation are of different maturity. This is why they are the least consistent of blood cells.

Answer 48

24 hours

Question 49

Describe the differences between a rubricyte and a metarubricyte

Answer 49

- A metarubricyte nucleus is smaller and darker than a rubricyte's - Rubricyte is a fairly large cell compared to a metarubricyte - Metarubricyte has more cytoplasm to nucleus ratio than a rubricyte does - Rubricyte chromatin is light and dark as a distinct feature of a rubricyte while the metarubricyte chromatin is pyknotic

Question 50

Up to \_\_\_% of RBC's can be polychromatic in a normal DOG

Answer 50

1%

Question 51

Up to \_\_\_\_% of RBC's can be polychromatic in a normal CAT

Answer 51

0.5%

Question 52

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are a species that NEVER have polychromatic RBC's in circulation

Answer 52

horses

Question 53

Hemoglobin is broken down into _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 53

Heme and Globin

Question 54

True or false: Unconjugated bilirubin can leave the body through urine

Answer 54

False. Unconjugated bilirubin cannot leave the body. It must first be conjugated.