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CLP 303 > Erythrocytes and Anemia > Flashcards

Erythrocytes and Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal in this view? What caused it?

A

The cells are out of focus and blurred. This is a Lipemic artifact, due to Lipemia.

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2
Q

What are 2 possible reasons for Non-Regenerative Anemia to occur?

A
  1. Inadequate time for RBC production to replace loss (recent hemorrhage)
  2. Inadequate or ineffective erythropoiesis due to condition such as kidney damage
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3
Q

You are unsure if you are looking at Rouleaux or Agglutination. What do you do?

A

Perform a Saline Agglutination Test.

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4
Q

True or false - Spherocytes are hyperchromic RBCs with increased Hemoglobin

A

False. They appear hyperchromic on the smear but they do not have increased Hemoglobin.

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5
Q

Describe what can be seen in this photo. This patient received a blood transfusion. How can you tell?

A
  • Target cells
  • Increased # of Polychromatic RBCs
  • Crenated RBCs
  • Hypochromic and Normochromic RBCs (this is how you can tell there is abnormal and normal blood cells, so a transfusion must have occured)
  • Spherocytes
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6
Q

What level of Anisocytosis is this? (Mild, Moderate or Marked)

A

Marked

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7
Q

How would you differentiate between a Ghost RBC and a Smudge RBC?

A

Ghost RBCs have a distinct shell but have lost their Hemoglobin so they are much paler than a regular RBC. Smudge cells have some Hemoglobin but have lost their distinctive cell, the edges appear blurry as opposed to “in focus”

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8
Q

What is the main disease we want to rule out when assessing RBCs?

A

Anemia

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9
Q

Identify the small, basophilic spot underneath the neutrophil

A

Howell-Jolly Body

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10
Q

Describe the colour

A

Normochromic

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11
Q

Define Polycythemia

A

increased numbers of RBCs

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12
Q

Identify specifically

A

Torocytes

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13
Q

Why is there such a variety in appearance of RBCs here?

A

Normal blood was mixed with abnormal blood for comparison

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of Spiculated RBC’s? (Morphology)

A

Acanthocyte, Echinocyte, Ovaloechinocyte, Crenated

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15
Q

What does RDW stand for?

A

Red(Blood Cell) Distribution Width.

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16
Q

Identify the RBC in the center

A

Eccentrocyte

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17
Q

_____ naturally have more RBCs than other breeds of dogs

A

Greyhounds

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18
Q

How do Leptocytes get produced?

A

When RBCs are larger and less flexible than normal they get folded in vessels

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19
Q

An increased number of Polychromatic RBCs and Reticulocytes is the hallmark combination of symptoms indicative of ______________

A

Responsive Anemia

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20
Q

Describe what can be seen in this photo.

A
  • Stomatocytes
  • Increased # of Polychromatic RBCs
  • Spherocytes
  • Leptocytes
  • Torocytes
  • Mild anemia
  • Moderate anisocytosis
  • Normochromic and Hyperchromic RBC
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Colour of the RBC is measured by looking at the _______

A

Ratio of Zone of Central Pallor to the Hemoglobin (pink)

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23
Q

What is abnormal with the RBC?

A

Crenation

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24
Q

Identify the RBC in the center

A

Poikilocyte

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25
Hypochromasia and Microcytosis together are often indicative of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Iron deficiency
26
Agglutination indicates an _____________ process
Immune-Mediated Hemolytic
27
If the smear is too thick or it was not dried quickly enough, the cells will \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
spiculate
28
Identify the RBC's with intracellular stippling
Reticulocytes
29
Identify the RBC specifically
Acanthocyte
30
Describe the level of Anemia present. (Mild, Moderate or Marked)
Moderate
31
What type of animals have ovalocytes and elliptocytes regularly as normal RBCs?
Camelids - camels, llamas, alpacas Birds Reptiles
32
Describe what can be seen in the photo.
- Stomatocytes present - Leptocytes present - Polychromatic RBCs increased - Spherocytes present - Mild anemia - Target cell - Marked anisocytosis - Torocytes
33
Identify the RBC in the center
Ovalocyte
34
How does the presence of Heinz Bodies alter the MCHC value?
It increases it for reasons unknown
35
Identify the upper cell specifically
Apple Stem Cell
36
List some of the clinical signs of anemia
Lethargy, fatigue, weakness Pale mucous membranes Tachypnea, tachycardia
37
An RBC that is smaller than usual can be described as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Microcytic or a Microcyte
38
What is one cause of Eccentrocytes?
Drugs, Lymphosarcoma
39
The presence of _________ is a better indicator of bone marrow response to Anemia than polychromasia
Reticulocytes
40
Identify the RBC in the center (specifically)
Leptocyte
41
What can be seen intracellular in this photo?
Basophilic stippling
42
What are the 2 Supravital stains that can be used to stain organelles within Reticulocytes?
New Methylene Blue & Brilliant Cresyl
43
Identify specifically
Target cell
44
Describe what can be seen in the photo.
- Marked anemia - Increased number of polychromatic RBC's (Indicates Responsive Anemia) - Spherocytes (Indicates Hemolytic Anemia) - Metarubricyte - Marked Anisocytosis
45
The presence of nucleated RBCs in the absence of polychromatic RBCs ________ (does or does not) indicate Responsive Anemia
does not
46
Identify the small basophilic dot inside the RBC. What can be seen just to the right of the RBC?
Howell-Jolly Body, platelet
47
How would you differentiate between an Ovalocyte and an Ovaloechinocyte?
An ovaloechinocyte has spiny projections as it is a spiculated RBC. Ovalocytes are "juicy" and Ovaloechinocytes are thinner
48
Identify the fragmented RBC in the middle
Dacryocyte
49
In a patient, you notice there is Thrombocytopenia. As you continue to look at the smear, you notice a few Schistocytes. Is this cause for concern?
Schistocytes in combination w/ Thrombocytopenia is a medical emergency as it is indicative of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
50
Describe the key difference between Agglutination and Rouleaux.
Rouleaux is the stacking of RBCs. Agglutination is RBCs sticking together in clumps.
51
What are the 3 ways in which Anemia can be classified? Which of these ways can we (Veterinary Technicians) classify?
1. According to Size and Hemoglobin Saturation of RBCs 2. According to Response (Regenerative or Non-Regenerative) 3. Underlying Cause (this is the only one done by a Veterinarian and not Technicians)
52
Describe the level of Anisocytosis. (Mild, Moderate or Marked)
Mild
53
Describe the RBC as it relates to colour
Hypochromic
54
Assess the feline RBCs. Are they normal or abnormal? If abnormal, what type of RBC are they? Describe how you came to your conclusion
These are normal feline RBCs. They have a smaller Zone of Central Pallor compared to canines normally. They have normal, mild anisocytosis. They are in general smaller than that of a canine.
55
Assess the Canine RBCs. Are they normal or abnormal? If abnormal, what type of RBC are they? Describe how you came to your conclusion
These RBC's are normal for Canine blood. They have a larger Zone of Central Pallor. There is no Anisocytosis. They are larger in comparison to feline RBC
56
Identify the cell in the middle
Ghost RBC
57
Describe the level of Anemia present. (Mild, Moderate, Marked)
Marked
58
Describe the level of Anemia present. (Mild, Moderate or Marked)
Mild
59
An RBC that is larger than normal can be described as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Macrocytic or a Macrocyte
60
What are 4 conditions besides Anemia that we can find by assessing RBCs?
Toxicity, Hemangiosarcoma, Liver disease and Hypothyroidism
61
Identify the fragmented RBC
Schistocyte
62
Identify the RBC in the center
Smudged RBC
63
Identify specifically
Stomatocyte
64
Describe the difference between Feline Aggregate and Punctate cells. What kind of cell can they be classified as?
Both are classified under Reticulocytes (with stained organelles). An Aggregate Reticulocyte is equivalent to a Polychromatic RBC and is indicative of a recent response. Punctate Reticulocytes are actually mature but still possess some organelle pieces. They do not indicate a recent response.
65
Identify the type of cell specifically.
Bar cell (Type of Leptocyte)
66
Identify the abnormality. How does it form? Is it clinically significant?
Hemoglobin Crystal. Forms when Hemoglobin is exposed to Oxygen - is an artifact and not clinically significant.
67
Identify the RBC in the center
Elliptocyte
68
Identify the RBC specifically (in center)
Blister Cell
69
Identify the elongated RBC specifically
Ovaloechinocyte
70
Is this patient Anemiac List the indicators to your answer. (6 points) [Reticulocyte Absolute Count is cut off of photo - value is 384.1 H x 10^9/L and the reference interval is \<=80]
Yes. 1. MCV increased = macrocytic 2. MCH increased 3. MCHC decreased = hypochromic 4. Reticulocyte Absolute Count = increased 5. Hemoglobin (Hb) decreased due to increase in Reticulocytes 6. Overall RBC count = decreased (Anemia)
71
Describe what can be seen in this photo
- Stomatocytes - Leptocytes - Moderate anisocytosis - Rubricyte, Metarubricyte, Neutrophil - Spherocytes - Moderate anemia - Ghost RBC - Polychromatic RBCs (Increased)
72
Why do we perform a corrected Reticulocyte count?
When the patient is Anemic, because the Reticulocyte % count shows us _as compared to_ the PCV (Number of RBCs). If the patient is Anemic, the RBC portion becomes smaller, making the Reticulocyte % larger and therefore inaccurate.
73
Identify the indicated RBC
Pyknocyte
74
How can we tell if Anemia is Responsive or Non-responsive by looking at a smear?
If there is increased numbers of Polychromatic RBC's (More than 1 per 100 RBC's in dogs) then it is responsive. If there is no increase in Polychromatic RBC's, it is non-responsive
75
Identify the RBC specifically
Keratocyte
76
What two conditions are most associated with the presence of Acanthocytes?
Liver disease and Hemagiosarcoma
77
Identify the RBC specifically
Echinocyte
78
Of the 4 types of Spiculated RBC's (Morphology), which one is the most clinically significant?
Acanthocytes are often associated with disease, usually Liver disease or Hemangiosarcoma
79
In bovines with regenerative anemia, we often see _________ inside of the RBC's
basophilic stippling
80
What does MCV stand for? What does it measure?
Mean Carpuscular Volume. It measures size.
81
What are two conditions that can cause Basophilic stippling?
Regenerative Anemia or Heavy metal poisoning
82
Identify the projections on the lowest cell
Heinz Bodies
83
What are the normal RBC sizes for canine and feline? (in um)
Canine: 7 um Feline: 5.8 um

CLP 303 (6 decks)

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