Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CLP 303 > Erythrocytes and Anemia > Flashcards

Erythrocytes and Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal in this view? What caused it?

A

The cells are out of focus and blurred. This is a Lipemic artifact, due to Lipemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 2 possible reasons for Non-Regenerative Anemia to occur?

A
  1. Inadequate time for RBC production to replace loss (recent hemorrhage)
  2. Inadequate or ineffective erythropoiesis due to condition such as kidney damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

You are unsure if you are looking at Rouleaux or Agglutination. What do you do?

A

Perform a Saline Agglutination Test.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false - Spherocytes are hyperchromic RBCs with increased Hemoglobin

A

False. They appear hyperchromic on the smear but they do not have increased Hemoglobin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe what can be seen in this photo. This patient received a blood transfusion. How can you tell?

A
  • Target cells
  • Increased # of Polychromatic RBCs
  • Crenated RBCs
  • Hypochromic and Normochromic RBCs (this is how you can tell there is abnormal and normal blood cells, so a transfusion must have occured)
  • Spherocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What level of Anisocytosis is this? (Mild, Moderate or Marked)

A

Marked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How would you differentiate between a Ghost RBC and a Smudge RBC?

A

Ghost RBCs have a distinct shell but have lost their Hemoglobin so they are much paler than a regular RBC. Smudge cells have some Hemoglobin but have lost their distinctive cell, the edges appear blurry as opposed to “in focus”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the main disease we want to rule out when assessing RBCs?

A

Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify the small, basophilic spot underneath the neutrophil

A

Howell-Jolly Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the colour

A

Normochromic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Polycythemia

A

increased numbers of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify specifically

A

Torocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is there such a variety in appearance of RBCs here?

A

Normal blood was mixed with abnormal blood for comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 types of Spiculated RBC’s? (Morphology)

A

Acanthocyte, Echinocyte, Ovaloechinocyte, Crenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does RDW stand for?

A

Red(Blood Cell) Distribution Width.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify the RBC in the center

A

Eccentrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____ naturally have more RBCs than other breeds of dogs

A

Greyhounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do Leptocytes get produced?

A

When RBCs are larger and less flexible than normal they get folded in vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An increased number of Polychromatic RBCs and Reticulocytes is the hallmark combination of symptoms indicative of ______________

A

Responsive Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe what can be seen in this photo.

A
  • Stomatocytes
  • Increased # of Polychromatic RBCs
  • Spherocytes
  • Leptocytes
  • Torocytes
  • Mild anemia
  • Moderate anisocytosis
  • Normochromic and Hyperchromic RBC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Colour of the RBC is measured by looking at the _______

A

Ratio of Zone of Central Pallor to the Hemoglobin (pink)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is abnormal with the RBC?

A

Crenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Identify the RBC in the center

A

Poikilocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypochromasia and Microcytosis together are often indicative of _______

A

Iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Agglutination indicates an _____________ process

A

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If the smear is too thick or it was not dried quickly enough, the cells will _______

A

spiculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Identify the RBC’s with intracellular stippling

A

Reticulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Identify the RBC specifically

A

Acanthocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the level of Anemia present. (Mild, Moderate or Marked)

A

Moderate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of animals have ovalocytes and elliptocytes regularly as normal RBCs?

A

Camelids - camels, llamas, alpacas

Birds

Reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe what can be seen in the photo.

A
  • Stomatocytes present
  • Leptocytes present
  • Polychromatic RBCs increased
  • Spherocytes present
  • Mild anemia
  • Target cell
  • Marked anisocytosis
  • Torocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Identify the RBC in the center

A

Ovalocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does the presence of Heinz Bodies alter the MCHC value?

A

It increases it for reasons unknown

35
Q

Identify the upper cell specifically

A

Apple Stem Cell

36
Q

List some of the clinical signs of anemia

A

Lethargy, fatigue, weakness

Pale mucous membranes

Tachypnea, tachycardia

37
Q

An RBC that is smaller than usual can be described as _________

A

Microcytic or a Microcyte

38
Q

What is one cause of Eccentrocytes?

A

Drugs, Lymphosarcoma

39
Q

The presence of _________ is a better indicator of bone marrow response to Anemia than polychromasia

A

Reticulocytes

40
Q

Identify the RBC in the center (specifically)

A

Leptocyte

41
Q

What can be seen intracellular in this photo?

A

Basophilic stippling

42
Q

What are the 2 Supravital stains that can be used to stain organelles within Reticulocytes?

A

New Methylene Blue & Brilliant Cresyl

43
Q

Identify specifically

A

Target cell

44
Q

Describe what can be seen in the photo.

A
  • Marked anemia
  • Increased number of polychromatic RBC’s (Indicates Responsive Anemia)
  • Spherocytes (Indicates Hemolytic Anemia)
  • Metarubricyte
  • Marked Anisocytosis
45
Q

The presence of nucleated RBCs in the absence of polychromatic RBCs ________ (does or does not) indicate Responsive Anemia

A

does not

46
Q

Identify the small basophilic dot inside the RBC. What can be seen just to the right of the RBC?

A

Howell-Jolly Body, platelet

47
Q

How would you differentiate between an Ovalocyte and an Ovaloechinocyte?

A

An ovaloechinocyte has spiny projections as it is a spiculated RBC. Ovalocytes are “juicy” and Ovaloechinocytes are thinner

48
Q

Identify the fragmented RBC in the middle

A

Dacryocyte

49
Q

In a patient, you notice there is Thrombocytopenia. As you continue to look at the smear, you notice a few Schistocytes. Is this cause for concern?

A

Schistocytes in combination w/ Thrombocytopenia is a medical emergency as it is indicative of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

50
Q

Describe the key difference between Agglutination and Rouleaux.

A

Rouleaux is the stacking of RBCs. Agglutination is RBCs sticking together in clumps.

51
Q

What are the 3 ways in which Anemia can be classified? Which of these ways can we (Veterinary Technicians) classify?

A
  1. According to Size and Hemoglobin Saturation of RBCs
  2. According to Response (Regenerative or Non-Regenerative)
  3. Underlying Cause (this is the only one done by a Veterinarian and not Technicians)
52
Q

Describe the level of Anisocytosis. (Mild, Moderate or Marked)

A

Mild

53
Q

Describe the RBC as it relates to colour

A

Hypochromic

54
Q

Assess the feline RBCs. Are they normal or abnormal? If abnormal, what type of RBC are they? Describe how you came to your conclusion

A

These are normal feline RBCs. They have a smaller Zone of Central Pallor compared to canines normally. They have normal, mild anisocytosis. They are in general smaller than that of a canine.

55
Q

Assess the Canine RBCs. Are they normal or abnormal? If abnormal, what type of RBC are they? Describe how you came to your conclusion

A

These RBC’s are normal for Canine blood. They have a larger Zone of Central Pallor. There is no Anisocytosis. They are larger in comparison to feline RBC

56
Q

Identify the cell in the middle

A

Ghost RBC

57
Q

Describe the level of Anemia present. (Mild, Moderate, Marked)

A

Marked

58
Q

Describe the level of Anemia present. (Mild, Moderate or Marked)

A

Mild

59
Q

An RBC that is larger than normal can be described as ________

A

Macrocytic or a Macrocyte

60
Q

What are 4 conditions besides Anemia that we can find by assessing RBCs?

A

Toxicity, Hemangiosarcoma, Liver disease and Hypothyroidism

61
Q

Identify the fragmented RBC

A

Schistocyte

62
Q

Identify the RBC in the center

A

Smudged RBC

63
Q

Identify specifically

A

Stomatocyte

64
Q

Describe the difference between Feline Aggregate and Punctate cells. What kind of cell can they be classified as?

A

Both are classified under Reticulocytes (with stained organelles). An Aggregate Reticulocyte is equivalent to a Polychromatic RBC and is indicative of a recent response. Punctate Reticulocytes are actually mature but still possess some organelle pieces. They do not indicate a recent response.

65
Q

Identify the type of cell specifically.

A

Bar cell (Type of Leptocyte)

66
Q

Identify the abnormality. How does it form? Is it clinically significant?

A

Hemoglobin Crystal. Forms when Hemoglobin is exposed to Oxygen - is an artifact and not clinically significant.

67
Q

Identify the RBC in the center

A

Elliptocyte

68
Q

Identify the RBC specifically (in center)

A

Blister Cell

69
Q

Identify the elongated RBC specifically

A

Ovaloechinocyte

70
Q

Is this patient Anemiac List the indicators to your answer. (6 points)

[Reticulocyte Absolute Count is cut off of photo - value is 384.1 H x 10^9/L and the reference interval is <=80]

A

Yes.

  1. MCV increased = macrocytic
  2. MCH increased
  3. MCHC decreased = hypochromic
  4. Reticulocyte Absolute Count = increased
  5. Hemoglobin (Hb) decreased due to increase in Reticulocytes
  6. Overall RBC count = decreased (Anemia)
71
Q

Describe what can be seen in this photo

A
  • Stomatocytes
  • Leptocytes
  • Moderate anisocytosis
  • Rubricyte, Metarubricyte, Neutrophil
  • Spherocytes
  • Moderate anemia
  • Ghost RBC
  • Polychromatic RBCs (Increased)
72
Q

Why do we perform a corrected Reticulocyte count?

A

When the patient is Anemic, because the Reticulocyte % count shows us as compared to the PCV (Number of RBCs). If the patient is Anemic, the RBC portion becomes smaller, making the Reticulocyte % larger and therefore inaccurate.

73
Q

Identify the indicated RBC

A

Pyknocyte

74
Q

How can we tell if Anemia is Responsive or Non-responsive by looking at a smear?

A

If there is increased numbers of Polychromatic RBC’s (More than 1 per 100 RBC’s in dogs) then it is responsive. If there is no increase in Polychromatic RBC’s, it is non-responsive

75
Q

Identify the RBC specifically

A

Keratocyte

76
Q

What two conditions are most associated with the presence of Acanthocytes?

A

Liver disease and Hemagiosarcoma

77
Q

Identify the RBC specifically

A

Echinocyte

78
Q

Of the 4 types of Spiculated RBC’s (Morphology), which one is the most clinically significant?

A

Acanthocytes are often associated with disease, usually Liver disease or Hemangiosarcoma

79
Q

In bovines with regenerative anemia, we often see _________ inside of the RBC’s

A

basophilic stippling

80
Q

What does MCV stand for? What does it measure?

A

Mean Carpuscular Volume. It measures size.

81
Q

What are two conditions that can cause Basophilic stippling?

A

Regenerative Anemia or Heavy metal poisoning

82
Q

Identify the projections on the lowest cell

A

Heinz Bodies

83
Q

What are the normal RBC sizes for canine and feline? (in um)

A

Canine: 7 um

Feline: 5.8 um

CLP 303 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions