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CLP 303 > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

5.8 um is the normal size for what species RBC?

A

feline

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2
Q

Eccentrocytes are often caused by what two things?

A

Drugs or Lymphosarcoma

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3
Q

7.0 um is the normal size for what species RBC?

A

canine

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4
Q

______ are small, tear drop shaped rbcs

A

dacryocyte

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5
Q

Out of all of the cells counted in a differential, which cells are not included in the 200 count?

A

Metarubricytes, Rubricytes, Prorubricytes, Smudge and Basket cells

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6
Q

5.7 um is the normal size for what species RBC?

A

equine

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of Howell Jolly bodies?

A

Low spleen function

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8
Q

Acanthocytes are often due to disease such as: (2)

A

Liver disease and hemagiosarcoma

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9
Q

Heinz Bodies are often due to _________

A

oxidative damage

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10
Q

The differential cell count is done on ________ objective

A

40x or 100x

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11
Q

What would be one reason that you would write “Cannot comment on colour of rbcs”

A

increased number of torocytes

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12
Q

T or F: Hemoglobin crystals are indicative of regenerative anemia

A

False. hemoglobin crystals are an artifact

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13
Q

Leptocytes are rbcs that are:

A

folded

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14
Q

Leptocyte is a general term for an rbc with:

A

an odd shaped zone of central pallor

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15
Q

T or F: RBCs that are hyperchromic have more hemoglobin that normochromic rbcs

A

False. rbcs cannot be hyperchromic. they can only appear hyperchromic due to the presence of spherocytes

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16
Q

which species has no reliable zone of central pallor?

A

equine

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17
Q

MCH is expressed in: (units)

A

pg

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18
Q

Schistocytes present along with _________ are highly suggestive of DIC which is a medical emergency

A

Thrombocytopenia

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19
Q

Smudged rbcs are indicative of:

A

lipemia

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20
Q

T or F: basophilic stippling is commonly seen with non regenerative anemia

A

False. Commonly seen with regenerative anemia

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21
Q

T or F: Spherocytes are easier to identify in equine species

A

False. Spherocytes cannot be reliably identified in species that don’t have a clear zone of central pallor

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22
Q

Which species normally has NO anisocytosis?

A

Canine and Equine

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23
Q

Describe the difference between a Blister cell and a Keratocyte

A

a blister cell has a vacuole near the edge of the cell appearing like a blister or a purse handle whereas keratocytes are blisters that have bursted and now the cell has two horn like projections

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24
Q

What has happened to an Eccentrocyte to make it appear the way it does?

A

The membrane has fused and the hemoglobin has shifted to one side of the cell

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25
Q

which species normally has moderate anisocytosis?

A

bovine

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26
Q

Which species does not have a “mono layer” when reading a smear?

A

Equine due to normal marked rouleaux

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27
Q

What is the formula for finding the corrected wbc count?

A

[NCC x 100] divided by [100+ nRBCs per 100 wbcs]

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28
Q

Looking for platelet clumping is performed on the _____ objective

A

10x

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29
Q

which species does not ever have Polychromatic RBCs in circulation?

A

equine and bovine

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30
Q

MCV is expressed in: (units)

A

fL

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31
Q

Which species normally has mild anisocytosis?

A

Feline

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32
Q

An RBC that is torn but it still a cell and not a fragment is called a:

A

Fragmented rbc

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33
Q

Platelet evaluation and counting is done on _______ objective

A

100x

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34
Q

4.5 um is the normal size for what species RBC?

A

bovine

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35
Q

T or F: Stomatocytes are rbcs with a slit of zone of central pallor anywhere in the cell

A

False. It must be a central line

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36
Q

Spherocytes are most often associated with what disease?

A

immune mediated hemolytic anemia

37
Q

T or F: A schistocyte is an RBC fragment that can be up to 1/2 of the normal RBC size

A

False. It can be up to 1/3 of the normal rbc size

38
Q

What is the general term for an oddly shaped RBC?

A

Poikilocyte

39
Q

True or false: Polychromatic RBCs are normal up to 1% in Canine and Feline smears

A

False. 1% for canine and 0.5% for feline

40
Q

What is the most common cause of fragmented rbcs?

A

movement through torturous vessels often caused by Hemangiosarcoma

41
Q

Besides the basic wbc’s, which new cells are included in our 200 count?

A

Band, Metamyelocyte, Other (Myelocyte, etc)

42
Q

MCHC is expressed in: (units)

A

g/L

43
Q

What evidence of immune mediated hemolytic anemia can be seen on gross exam? And on smear exam? (As it relates to RBC arrangement)

A

Gross exam: blood will appear gritty

Smear exam: Agglutination present

44
Q

RBC morphology is performed on _______ objective

A

100x

45
Q

If a blood smear is too thick or is not dried quickly, the rbcs will ______

A

spiculate

46
Q

In what species are Elliptocytes and Ovalocytes considered normal?

A

Camelids, Birds and reptiles

47
Q

Rouleaux can be increased by increased levels of ______ in the blood

A

protein

48
Q

Leptocytes are produced when:

A

rbcs are larger and less flexible than normal

49
Q

A ________ looks like an eccentrocyte but without the membrane

A

pyknocyte

50
Q

Describe the difference between a Stomatocyte and a Bar cell

A

A stomatocyte has a central slit of central pallor while a bar cell has a central line of hemoglobin with pale zones of central pallor on each side

51
Q

What is DIC?

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

52
Q

What is the difference between a Nucleated Cell Count and a Corrected WBC Count?

A

NCC is a calculation of all of the nucleated cells which the machine assumes are wbc’s but it will also count nucleated rbcs if they are present. therefore making the count inaccurate if any premature cells are present. The Corrected WBC Count accounts for nucleated rbcs

53
Q

Howell-Jolly Bodies are always abnormal. (T or F)

A

False. they are normal in cats and horses up to 1%

54
Q

During the destruction of rbcs, they are broken down into Heme and Globin. Then, heme is further broken down into ________

A

unconjugated bilirubin

55
Q

Which organ conjugated bilirubin so it can leave the body through urine

A

liver

56
Q

Conjugated bilirubin breaks into what 2 products

A

Stercobilinogen and Urobilinogen

57
Q

How does Urobilinogen exit the body? How does Stercobilinogen exit?

A

Uro - urine

Sterco- feces

58
Q

What are the 3 main functions of rbcs

A

Oxygen transport, CO2 transport and removal of waste from plasma

59
Q

What organ picks up old rbcs to destroy them? Where does the iron go?

A

Spleen. Iron is stored for re-use.

60
Q

Heme is made of _____ and globin is made of ______, each of these products are recycled during the destruction of old rbcs

A

Heme is made of iron and globin is made of amino acids

61
Q

What is carboxyhemoglobin? What would the blood look like? Why is this dangerous?

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning. Blood is bright red and it cannot carry oxygen

62
Q

What is Methemoglobin and what causes it? Why is it dangerous?

A

Dark, brown-ish or brown blood caused by various toxicities/poisoning. It is dangerous bc the blood is essentially non-functional

63
Q

What is the difference between the MCH and MCHC readings from a machine?

A

MCH - the weight of the hemoglobin in an average RBC, unit is pg
MCHC - the concentration of hemoglobin in an average RBC, unit is g/L

64
Q

WHat is the formula for calculating MCH? (pg)

A

Hemoglobin (g/L) over RBC (#/L)

65
Q

What is the formula for calculating MCHC? (g/L)

A

Hemoglobin (g/L) over PCV (L/L)

66
Q

What is the unit that MCV is written in?

A

fL

67
Q

What is the formula for calulating MCV?

A

PCV (L/L) over RBC number/L

68
Q

What condition would call for an increased demand in RBCs?

A

Anemia or Hemorrhage

69
Q

What condition would call for an increased demand in WBCs?

A

Pyometra

70
Q

What does the classification “Microcytic, Hypochromic, Non-Responsive Anemia caused by Blood loss” tell us?

A

Microcytic - MCV was below average
Hypochromic - MCH and MCHC were below average
Non-Responsive: Reticulocyte count was WNL
Anemia: RBC was low, RDW was high
Caused by Blood loss: This can only be determined by a Dr, but patient would have had obvious trauma

71
Q

What is hypochromasia? What is it due to in the instance of Anemia?

A

Decreased Hemoglobin concentration, with anemia is due to increased numbers of polychromatic rbc’s since they are not fully hemoglobinized

72
Q

what are two reasons to get a falsely elevated MCHC reading?

A

Hemolysis or numerous Heinz bodies

73
Q

What is the reference interval for “normal” PCV? (Dog and cat)

A

Dog - 37-55

Cat - 29-45

74
Q

What is the formula for correcting reticulocyte counts?

A

Original count (in %) x (Patient PCV divided by normal PCV)

75
Q

Long term ______ failure will result in Non-responsive anemia

A

Renal

76
Q

What is the definition of IMHA?

A

Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia - destruction of RBC’s by own immune system, resulting in anemia

77
Q

What are 4 subcategories of Leptocyte?

A

Leptocyte, Target, Stomatocyte, Bar

78
Q

Increased numbers of Howell-Jolly bodies indicate _______

A

splenic failure

79
Q

If searching for IMHA, and agglutination is not present, a _____ test should be performed

A

Coomb’s Test (Direct Antiglobulin Test)

80
Q

What are 3 causes of Neutrophilia? In order of most common to least common

A
  1. inflammation
  2. Corticosteroids (from stress)
  3. Epinephrine (from exercise)
81
Q

What is a Left shift?

A

Increased number of immature, non-segmented neutrophils in circulation (bands, metamyelocytes, myelocytes)

82
Q

Which common cause of Neutrophilia would also cause a Left Shift?

A

Inflammation

83
Q

The Bone Marrow’s capacity for Granulopoiesis is increased with the condition ______

A

Established (chronic) inflammation

84
Q

Why is it easier to get sick when you are stressed?

A

Stress = corticosteroids released = lymphopenia = decreased immune system

85
Q

Corticosteroids/Stress will cause what WBC changes?

A

Neutrophilia and lymphopenia, Eosinopenia and Monocytosis

86
Q

Epinephrine/Exercise will cause what WBC changes?

A

Lymphocytosis, Neutrophilia

87
Q

What is a degenerative left shift?

A

The number of immature, non-segmented neutrophils outnumber the number of mature neutrophils

88
Q

Eosinophilia is commonly due to? (3)

A

Parasites that invade tissues, Allergies, and less commonly Inflammation of tissues with alot of mast cells

89
Q

What condition can cause Basophilia?

A

Heartworm disease

CLP 303 (6 decks)

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