Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diagnostics > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Define oliguria

A

Reduced urine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define isosthenuria

A

Urine of a concentration of 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define poikuria

A

Irregular passage of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Stranguria

A

Painful passage of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Filter out waste from the blood, regulate water in the body conserve proteins, electrolytes and other compounds that the body can use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the normal volume of urine produced in cats and dogs?

A

1-2mls/kg/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is a urine sample beneficial?

A

Cheap, non-invasive, clients can do it themselves
A urine sample can direct the right way for more diagnostic tests. It can detect changes in other body systems . Can detect urinary dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the best case scenario for examining a urine sample?

A

Collected in the morning when the urine is most concentrated
It should be collected mid-flow to avoid contaminants
Ideally, the vulva or prepuce should be cleaned beforehand
It should be examined within 1 hour of collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What equipment is needed for all types of urine sample

A

PPE
Clean collection tray/ tube or non-absorbant litter
Sterile sample pot - plain or boric acid (bacteriology) - labelled
Needle and syringe, clippers and skin scrub
Ultrasound machine
Catheter and sterile lube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What equipment is needed to place a urinary catheter?

A
  1. Urinary catheter
  2. Gloves
  3. Swabs and antiseptic
  4. Water-based lubricant
  5. Kidney dish to collect urine
  6. Speculum and pen torch (needed in females)
  7. sterile water, needle and syringe
  8. Urine collection bag ( and bung for closed bag)
  9. Suture material and tape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the procedure of placing a urinary catheter

A
  1. Prepare equipment
  2. Get someone to restrain patient (sedation may be req)
  3. Wash hands and use PPE
  4. Clean area with antiseptic (may also need to clip)
  5. May need to use speculum and pen torch to see at this point
  6. Analgesic gel or lube with analgesic properties onto the catheter end
  7. Insert the catheter gently into the urethra (no touch method best where catheter comes straight out of bag and into urethra without being touched by gloves)
  8. Stop inserting when urine flows down the catheter (be careful not to go too far as may just be no urine in bladder)
  9. Fix in place if indwelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause urinary problems?

A 
Renal disease/failure
Dehydration
Bladder rupture
Diabetes mellitus
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the advantages of collecting a free flow sample?

A 
Non-traumatic
Owners can do it at home
Quite sterile in mid flow - esp cats
Easy to do
Good sample to do for haematuria tests as no iatrogenic element
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the disadvantages of collecting a free flow sample?

A

Patient awkward
Urethral contamination
Contamination from collection vessels e.g. litter tray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is manual expression urine sample?

A

Gently palpating the bladder - patient normally in lateral recumbency.
It should never be used in cases with urethral obstruction!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the advantages of manual expression?

A

Easy to perform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the disadvantages of manual expression?

A

Can cause bladder rupture/ trauma
Non-sterile
Uncomfortable for patient
Must be sufficient urine in bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the advantages of placing a urinary catheter?

A

Fairly sterile
Relatively easy to perform
Can introduce contrast media via catheter
Can be indwelling for monitoring urinary output
Helps avoid scald in recumbent patients
Can use to empty bladder pre-surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the disadvantages of placing a urinary catheter?

A 
Cost
Risk of iatrogenic haematuria/trauma
Tricky in bitches
May need sedation or GA
Iatrogenic infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What position for urinary catheter patient is a male dog, male cat and females in?

A

Male dog - lateral recumbency or standing
Male cat - dorsal or lateral recumbency
Females - sternal recumbency with legs hanging off table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a cystocentesis. Describe procedure

A

Where a sterile needle (20-22G 1-1.5inches) is passed through the abdominal wall into the bladder at a 45 degree angle , aspirate a sample from the bladder and then pressure is applied to stop the bleeding.
Clip and use surgical scrub - strict asepsis is needed!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the advantages of cystocentesis?

A

Relatively quick way to obtain a sterile sample
Patient generally tolerate well without GA
Sterile
Fairly painless
No urethral contamination

Iatrogenic infection uncommon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the disadvantages of cystocentesis?

A

Difficult technique - usually a VS
Contraindicative in extreme bladder distension
May require sedtion/ GA
Must be sufficient urine in the bladder for it to be effective
Can cause blood contamination of the sample
Risk of peritonitis (can cause leakage of bladder into the abdomen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long can urine be kept before examination?

A

1hr or 6hrs if refrigerated (warm to room temp before testing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the concern when refrigerating crystals?

A

Refrigeration can cause formation of crystals which will interfere with microscope examination of the sediment
Urine should NEVER be frozen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is boric acid used in some containers?

A

The sample should be put into a boric acid container if its going for bacteriology.
The boric acid in the container prevents further growth of bacteria and preserves the existing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the normal odour of urine ?

A

Sour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the different smells of urine caused by?

A

Male cats have a much stronger smelling urine as they scent mark with pheromones)
Ketonic urine smells like pear drops (acetone smell) - can indicate diabetes mellitus
Some bacteria can change smell e.g. like ammonia-smelling
Foul smelling can indicate excess protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What makes the urine more viscous?

A

An inflammation in the urinary tract will give rise to urinary muco-proteins which makes the urine more viscoid (sticky)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What colour is normal urine?

A

Pale yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does clear urine indicate?

A

Dilute

Polydipsia/polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does dark yellow urine indicate?

A

More concentrated

Dehydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does Green urine indicate?

A

If there is also foam on the surface it indicates biliverdin (oxidation of bilirubin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does brown/red urine indicate?

A

Haematuria or certain drugs can also cause this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does blue/green urine indicate?

A

Some drugs alter the colour of urine as does some foods e.g. beetroot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why does normal urine go cloudy on standing?

A

Because microorganisms decompose the urea to ammonia which increases the pH and causes precipitation of phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is rabbit urine cloudy?

A

Due to the presence of calcium carbonate crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Name some things that can affect the turbidity of urine

A 
RBCs
Crystals or casts
Cells 
Yeast
Fungi
Pus
Phosphate precipitation
Prostate/vaginal secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the specific gravity?

A

The weight of a known volume of fluid compared to the same volume of distilled water (SG of 1.000). It is an estimation of the concentrating ability of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the normal SG values for dogs and cats?

A

Dog: 1.015-1.045

Cat: 1.020-1.040

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What can cause a decrease in SG? (i.e. less concentrated)

A 
Polydipsia
Renal failure/dysfunction
Diabetes insipidus
IV fluids
Corticosteriod treatment
42
Q

What can cause an increase in SG? (i.e. more concentrated)

A 
Dehydration
Acute Renal failure
Diabetes mellitus
Shock
Sediment e.g. crystals
Haemorrhage
43
Q

Name 2 ways in which SG can be measured

A
  1. Dipsticks

2. Refractometer

44
Q

Why is a dipstick not a completely accurate way of measuring SG?

A

It will only measure up to 1.030

45
Q

How does a refractometer produce a SG reading?

A

It measure the change in refractive index due to substances dissolved in the fluid. The greater the refractive index the higher the SG

46
Q

What should you check/ensure when using dipsticks

A

Stored correct
Not Damp
In date
Use fresh samples of urine (not in sun or fridge)

47
Q

Why should urine samples be kept out of sunlight?

A

Can cause the oxidation of bilirubin and lower the results

48
Q

What is the normal value for glucose in the urine of cats and dogs?

A

0

49
Q

What might cause an increase in glucose in the urine?

A 
- It occurs when glucose levels increase past the renal threshold
Stress
Excitement 
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Cushings disease
After dextrose-saline infusions
50
Q

What is haemoglobinuria?

A

lysed blood in urine

51
Q

What would cause Hb in urine?

A

Haemolytic anaemia, poisoning…

52
Q

What would cause myoglobin in urine?

A

Muscle wasting diseases

53
Q

What may be the cause of haematuria?

A 
Cystitis
Oestrus 
Urolithiasis 
Infection
Acute nephritis
Trauma to UT
Warfarin poisoning
54
Q

Define Bilirubinuria

A

presence of jaundice and bilirubin in the urine

55
Q

What are the normal levels of bilirubin in the urine of cats and dogs?

A

Dogs: it is normal to have a trace element
Cats: 0

56
Q

What does an increase in bilirubin in urine indicate?

A

Liver disease

Haemolytic jaundice

57
Q

What is the most accurate test for bilirubin in urine?

A

Using a reagent table with diazo-reagent

  • place urine on supplied pad
  • place the tablet on the pad
  • place 2 drops of water in top of the tablet so It runs down the pad
  • if the area around the tablet turns blue then there is bilirubin present
58
Q

Are ketones usually present in dog and cat urine?

A

No

59
Q

What would ketouria indicate?

A

Abnormal and excessive breakdown of fat

60
Q

What do ketones cause

A

They are toxic and can cause CN depression and acidosis (build up of acid in blood). A build up of ketones can lead to coma/death

61
Q

What would cause ketouria?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Starvation
Liver damage

62
Q

What is the first thing you should do if a patient presents with ketoacidosis?

A

IVFT!

63
Q

What is urobilirubin?

A

Bilirubin that has been broken down by bacteria (intestinal)

64
Q

Is urobilirubin normal in dog and cat urine?

A

A small trace amount may be normal in both

65
Q

What can alter the level of urobilirubin ?

A

Liver dysfunction
Haemolysis
Hepatocyte damage

66
Q

Should bile salts be present in cat/dog urine?

A

No

67
Q

Is protein normal in cat/dog urine?

A

A small trace may be normal
(can be influenced by when the animal was last fed and collection method).
Mid-flow collection and manual expression may contain more protein due to urogenital secretions

68
Q

What would an increased level of protein indicate?

A

Renal failure
Haemorrhage
Inflammatory disease

69
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of the free hydrogen ions .

High levels of h+ ions means a low pH

70
Q

What is the normal pH of cat and dog urine?

A

Dog: 5-7
Cat: 7-9

71
Q

What can cause urine with increased pH?

A 
Stress/excitement 
alkalosis
high fibre diet
UTI
Urine retention
72
Q

What can cause a decreased pH of urine?

A 
Fever 
Starvation
High protein diet
Acidosis
Excessive muscular activity
certain drugs
73
Q

What are the centrifuge specifications for urine?

A

1500rpm for 5 minutes

74
Q

How can a urine sample be viewed under the microscope at x100 oil immersion?

A

Prepare a slide with dried smear of sediment and stain with either Gram stain (for bacteria) or Giemsa (for cell study)

75
Q

What are the parts of a urine sample called once its been centrifuged?

A

The sediment at the bottom and the supranate on top

76
Q

What are casts and where are they formed?

A

Formed in the lumen of the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys where the concentration and acidity are the highest.
They are composed of a matrix of proteins from plasm and muco-protein excreted by the tubules
They are classified by their appearance

77
Q

Describe hyaline casts?

A

Composed of protein
Cylindrical clear colourless
Indicate milk inflammation in the tubules, poor circulation

78
Q

What is a cellular cast?

A 
A number of different cells may be incorporated in to the cast e.g. RBCs (indicate haemorrhage into tubules)
Leucocytes (indicate inflammatory reaction)
Epithelial cells (indicate acute renal failure)
79
Q

Name the 5 types of cast

A 
Hyaline
Cellular
Granular
Waxy
Fatty
80
Q

Describe granular casts

A

Can be coarse or fine
hyaline casts filled with granules (degenerated cells)
Seen in sever kidney damage/renal failure

81
Q

Describe waxy casts

A

Have square ends as opposed to rounded ends
Wider than hyaline casts
Colourless/grey
Indicate sever degeneration of the renal tubules

82
Q

Describe fatty Casts

A

Contain small droplets of fat
Can be seen in cats with renal disease and dogs with diabetes
Large numbers indicate degeneration of tubules

83
Q

When would you find crystals in urine?

A

Can be in normal urine - especially if allowed to stand

Can also be associated with cystitis, urolithiasis and haematuria

84
Q

Name the 4 crystals that can be found in acidic urine

A

Cystine
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
Ammonium urate
Uric Acid

85
Q

Describe Cystine crystals

A

50p

Indicates renal tubule dysfunction

86
Q

Describe Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals

A

Small square crystals with an ‘x’ in the centre
- can also be found in neutral urine
Certain breeds are predisposed e.g. yorkies
Antifreeze poisoning can increase these crystals

87
Q

Describe ammonium urate crystals

A

‘thorn-apple’ shaped - i.e. spikey balls
Found in neutral and acidic urine
Can indicate porto-systemic shunt / liver damage
Common in normal dalmation urine

88
Q

Describe Uric acid crystals

A

Diamond or rhomboid shaped

Quite rare in dogs and cats (except dalmations)

89
Q

What Crystals may be found in alkaline urine?

A

Struvite

Calcium phosphate

90
Q

Describe struvite crystals

A

Coffin lid shaped

91
Q

Describe Calcium phosphate crystals

A

Rectangular, flat and long

Quite rare

92
Q

What other crystals are normally found in horse and rabbit urine?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

93
Q

What do crystals clump together to form?

A

Calculi

94
Q

What are calculi called if they are present in the bladder?

A

Cystic Calculi

95
Q

What are calculi called if they are present in the urethra?

A

Uroliths

96
Q

What are uroliths?

A

Stones made of crystals found in the urethra

97
Q

What effect can uroliths have?

A

The may cause irritation to the bladder lining or block the urethra

98
Q

What normally causes blockages in a cats urethra?

A

‘Bladder sand’ - where the crystals collect and compact in the urethra rather than forming solid ‘stones’

99
Q

What should be done before treating uroliths?

A

Chemical analysis of the uroliths

100
Q

Describe the process of taking a urine specific gravity?

A
  1. Wear gloves
  2. Place distilled water onto the prism to check that it is accurate and calibrate the refractometer to 1.000 on the USG scale by looking down the eyepieces towards a light source.
  3. Dry the refractometer prism and place a drop of freshly mixed urine on the face of the prism
  4. Close the lid and hold up to the light source, adjust the focus and read the reading of where the blue and white meet
  5. Clean the refractometer with water
  6. Dispose of used materials and appropriate waste

Diagnostics (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions