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Diagnostics > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who Discovered Radiation?

A

Henry Becquerel

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2
Q

Who named X rays?

A

William Roentgen

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3
Q

When did William Roentgen win a Nobel Prize?

A

1901 in Physics

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4
Q

As well as radiation, what else did Henry Becquerel discover?

A

The uranium rays were weaker than X rays

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5
Q

When did Henry Becquerel win a Nobel Prize?

A

In 1903, with Marie Curie, for Physics

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6
Q

What did marie curie discover?

A

That radium and polonium were radioactive.

Also that uranium rays remained constant , therefore discovering Radioactivity

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7
Q

When did marie curie win the nobel on her own?

A

1911 for Chemistry

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of radiation known as ‘ Ionising Radiation’?

A

Alpha beta and Gamma

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9
Q

What does ionising radiation do?

A

Causes damage to matter that it strikes

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10
Q

Describe Alpha particles

A

Charged Particles
Not particularly strong penetrative powers
Stopped by Paper
Hazardous via inhalation or open wounds - not used in radiation medicine

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11
Q

Describe Beta Particles

A

Particle nature
Stopped by water, glass and metal
Dangerous if enter body

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12
Q

Describe Gamma radiation

A

Emitted during decay
Greatest penetrative power of the ionising radiations
Absorbed by lead or concrete
Similar to X rays (except gamma rays are naturally produced)
Stronger than X rays (manually produced)

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13
Q

What is radiation measured in ?

A

millisieverts - mSv

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of energy involved in X ray technology?

A

Electrical and Electromagnetic

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15
Q

On the EM spectrum, what happens to the strength of the radiation as the wavelength increases?

A

As the wavelength increases, the radiation gets weaker. The shorter the wavelength the stringer the radiation

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16
Q

What is the frequency of the radiation linked to in terms of X raying?

A

The kV -i.e. the penetrative power

17
Q

What are features of all radiation on the EM spectrum?

A
  • do not require a medium for transmission
  • pass through a vacuum
  • travel in straight lines
  • travel at the same speed in a vacuum
  • they interact with matter being absorbed or scattered
18
Q

What are the additional properties of X rays to those shared by all of the EM spectrum rays?

A

Penetrate through skin and bone

  • have an effect on photographic film
  • fluoresce i.e. give off light
19
Q

Who listed the unique properties of X rays?

A

William Roentgen

20
Q

What is the smallest part of the element?

A

The atom

21
Q

What is an element?

A

The smallest particle of a substance

22
Q

What happens when an X ray machine is turned on?

A

Heat is applied to the cathode of the tube head i.e. the tungsten filament. (via an electronic current)

23
Q

What does heat do the electrons in the cathode of a tube head?

A

It excites them.
The electrons move further and further away from the nucleus of the atom and eventually escape orbit.
This is known as ‘boiling off’ or ‘excitation stage’

24
Q

What happens to the electrons after they are boiled off?

A

The are directed to the anode from the cathode by the focussing cup. The energy from the high speed movement of these electrons and the impact with the anode, produces 1% X rays and 99% heat

25
Q

Describe the structure of the tube head

make sure you can label a diagram!

A

Tungsten Filament within a focussing cup. Sitting opposite, the target anode attached to a copper stem. These are all within a vacuum in a glass envelope. The glass envelope is surrounded by a lead lined metal shield, and between these layers is oil. There is a gap in the metal shield covered by an aluminium filter. There are also cooling fins behind the copper stem.

26
Q

What does altering the kV do in terms of how X rays are produced?

A

It alters the speed at which the electrons are moved and how fast they hit the target. Therefore altering the energy or penetrating power of the X rays produced

27
Q

What is the function of the lead lining?

A

Ensures X rays do not escape the tube head

28
Q

What is the function of the GLASS ENVELOPE?

A

creates a vacuum containing the cathode and anode

29
Q

What is the function of the vacuum?

A

Needed to allow the X rays to travel in a straight line (lack of O2 molecules to bounce off of and cause a direction change)

30
Q

What is the function of the focussing cup? What is it made of?

A

Directs electrons toward the anode
Made of nickel or molybdenum (materials capable of withstanding very high temperatures and poor conductor of heat. Has a high melting point

31
Q

What is the function of the cooling fins?

A

Disperse the Heat

32
Q

What is the function of the Filament? What is it made of?

A

Made of Tungsten as has high melting point
Part of the cathode
Releases electrons when heated

33
Q

What is the function of the target? What is it made of?

A

The anode
Subjected to bombardment
Also made of Tungsten as 99% energy produced is heat.
Base of target area is copper

34
Q

What is the function of the copper stem?

A

Good conductor. Draws heat away from the Tungsten Target

35
Q

What is the function of the oil?

A

Transfers heat away from the cathode

36
Q

What is the function of the filter? What is it made of?

A

Aluminium
Covers window
Absorbs any soft X rays

Diagnostics (11 decks)

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