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Diagnostics > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What Is tested In a Pre-anaesthetic profile?

A 
Urea 
Creatnine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALKP)
Glucose
Total Protein (TP)
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2
Q

What does BUN stand for ?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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3
Q

What are the normal ranges of BUN for dogs and cats?

A

Dog: 2.5-7mmol/L
Cat: 5-11mmol/L

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4
Q

What is BUN?

A

A waste product formed by the liver and excreted by the kidneys as a result of protein metabolism.
- good indicator of both liver and kidney function

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5
Q

What can cause an increase in BUN?

A

Infection of necrosis
High protein diet
Chronic heart failure (poor renal perfusion so less urea taken into kidneys therefore high levels in blood)
Urethral obstruction or rupture of bladder
Renal Failure
Dehydration
Corticosteroid therapy

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6
Q

What may cause a decrease in BUN?

A

Low protein diet
Liver failure
Anabolic steroids
Portosystemic shunt

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7
Q

What does CPK stand for?

A

Creatnine phosphokinase

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8
Q

What are the normal ranges of Creatnine Phosphokinase?

A

Dog : 40-120 umol/L

Cat: 40-120 umol/L

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9
Q

What is Creatnine Phosphokinase?

A

Creatnine is formed from creatine in skeletal muscle. The quantity produced depends on diet and muscle mass. Creatnine diffuses out of the muscle and into the blood when muscle cells are damaged.
Its normally filtered through the glomeruli of the kidney and excreted in the urine (so determines kidney function)

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10
Q

Why is CPK not a great indicator of early kidney issues?

A

Because 75% of kidney function needs to be lost before we will see and increased level of blood creatnine levels

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11
Q

What can cause an increase in CPK?

A 
Muscular disorders
Hypothyroidism
Heart Disease
Selenium/Vit E deficiencies
Muscle trauma 
Damage to glomeruli, urethral obstruction or bladder rupture
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12
Q

What is ALT?

A

Alanine Aminotransferase

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13
Q

What are the normal ranges of ALT in dogs and cats?

A

Dog: 10-75 IU/L
Cat: 35-135 IU/L

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14
Q

What is the function of ALT?

A

Plays a crucial role in metabolism - turning food into energy. Found inside liver cells. If the liver cells are damaged, they release ALT into the blood

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15
Q

What can cause an increase in ALT ?

A

Liver disease
Severe muscle damage
Feline hyperthyroidism

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16
Q

What is ALKP?

A

Alkaline Phophatase

17
Q

What are the normal ranges of ALKP in dogs and cats

A

Dog: 0-80 IU/L
Cat: 15-96 IU/L

18
Q

Why might we see larger quantities of ALKP in young animals?

A

Widely distributed in body.
Higher levels seen in young animals as they are still growing and there are large quantities of ALKP in osteoblasts in the bone.

19
Q

What is the normal range of glucose in dogs and cats?

A

3.3-6mmol/L in both

20
Q

What controls the levels of glucose in the body?

A

Insulin and glucagon

21
Q

What do glucose levels give us information on?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

Endocrine pancreatic function

22
Q

What can cause increased levels of glucose?

A

Diabetes mellitus (Autoimmune attack of pancreas therefore no longer can produce insulin)
Hyperadrenocorticism
Corticosteroid therapy (cortisol keeps glucose around and counteracts insulin)
Stress and Pancreatitis
Post-feeding samples

23
Q

What can cause a decreased level of glucose in the blood?

A 
Hepatic insufficiency 
Hypoadrenocorticism
Neoplasia
Malabsorption
Starvation
Insulin treatment
24
Q

What are the normal ranges of total protein in dogs and cats?

A

Dog: 54-71 g/L
Cat: 54-78g/L

25
Q

What is ‘Total Protein’?

A

The sum of albumin and globulin in the blood

albumin is made in liver cells; globulin play a role in immune status(immunoglobulins)

26
Q

What can cause elevated levels of TP?

A 
Dehydration
Chronic and immune-mediated disease
Lactation
Infection 
Neoplasia
27
Q

What can cause a decrease in TP?

A 
Renal disease
Malnutrition
Malabsorption
Haemorrhage
Hepatic and Pancreatic insufficiency

Diagnostics (11 decks)

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