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Clin path 4th year > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Indications for urinalysis (7)

A
  1. Dehydration (do before fluids)
  2. Evidence UTI
  3. Evidence hemolysis
  4. Crystal eval - liver dz, ethylene glycol
  5. Early indicator AKI aminoglycosides
  6. Bacteria ID diskospondylitis
  7. Fungal elements in systemic aspergillosis
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2
Q

Ideal amount of urine to collect

A

6 ml

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3
Q

Most common causes discolored urine (3)

A
  1. Hematuria
  2. Hemoglobinuria
  3. bilirubinuria
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4
Q

Common causes increased turbidity (3)

A
  1. Pyuria
  2. Crystaluria
  3. lipiduria
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5
Q

Urine pad things we use (7)

A
  1. pH
  2. Protein
  3. Glucose
  4. Ketones
  5. Bilirubin
  6. Hemoprotein
  7. Urobilinogen
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6
Q

Alkaline urine causes false positive

A

protein reading

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7
Q

Dipsticks only detect which protein?

A

Albumin

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8
Q

Magnification to scan for casts and epithelial cells

A

10X

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9
Q

High dry mag (40X) for (8)

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Crystals
  3. Erythrocytes
  4. Leukocytes
  5. Mucous threads
  6. Oil droplets
  7. Parasites
  8. Sperm
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10
Q

Casts and crystals best viewed on

A

unstained prep

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11
Q

Things causing acidic urine (5)

A
  1. Meat ingestions
  2. Resp/Met acidosis
  3. Severe vomiting with chloride depletion
  4. Severe diarrhea
  5. Urinary acidifiers
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12
Q

Things causing alkaline urine (5)

A
  1. Recent meal
  2. UTI with urease prod bact
  3. Renal tubular acidosis
  4. Diet veggies/cereals
  5. Met/resp alkalosis
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13
Q

Trace protein normal if Spec grav

A

greater than 1.035

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14
Q

Causes of transient proteinuria (4)

A
  1. strenuous exercise
  2. fever
  3. seizure
  4. veinous congestion of kidneys
    * Rarely of concern
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15
Q

Causes of persistent proteinuria

A

Renal glomerular dz:

  • glomerulonephritis
  • amyloidosis
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16
Q

Urine protein/creatinine ration

A

> 1 abnormal

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17
Q

Fanconi’s syndrome

A

Proximal renal tubular dysfunction - glucose in urine

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18
Q

Ketonuria + glucosuria

A

Diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

Ketonuria w/o glucosuria

A

excessive lipid catabolism

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20
Q

Production of ketones

A

Through lipolysis s/a

  1. starvation
  2. fasting
  3. diabetic ketoacidosis
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21
Q

Bilirubinuria can be normal for:

Bilirubinuria never normal for:

A

Can be normal for male dogs if spec grav > 1.030

Never normal for cats

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22
Q

To be excreted in urine bilirubin must be

A

conjugated

23
Q

Most common causes bilirubinuria

A
  1. hepatic disease
  2. posthepatic bile duct obstruction
  3. hemolytic diseases (extravascular hemolysis)
24
Q

Types of blood stuff that the reagent strip can detect

A
  1. hemoglobin
  2. myoglobin
  3. Red blood cells
25
Red plasma means
Hemoglobinuria Hemolytic anemia Intravascular hemolysis
26
Squamous epithelium originate from: | Usually seen as a result of:
``` Originate from: 1. distal urethra 2. vagina 3. prepuce Result from: 1. voided sample 2. squamous metaplasia 3. squamous cell carcinoma of bladder ```
27
Transitional epithelium
line bladder and proximal urethra
28
Caudate epithelium originate from: | Seen with:
``` Originate from: -renal pelvis Seen with: -pyelonephritis -calculi in renal pelvis ```
29
Renal tubular epithelium originate from: | Seen with:
``` Originate from: -parenchyma of kidney Seen with: -kidney damage -tubular nephritis ```
30
Hyaline cast
low numbers insignificant
31
Fatty cast
Degeneration of tubular epithelial cells
32
Epithelial casts
- nephritis or pyelonephritis - degenerates to coarse granular - then fine granular - then waxy cast
33
Waxy cast indicates
chronic tubular lesion
34
Hemoglobin cast
Intravascular hemolysis
35
Size of stuff in unstained prep
Epithelial cells > Neutraphils > Erythrocytes
36
Crystals that form in acidic urine (7)
1. Ammonium urate (ammonium biurate) 2. Amorphous urates 3. Bilirubin 4. Calcium oxalate-mono and di-hydrate 5. Cystine 6. Sulfa metabolites 7. Uric acid
37
Crystals that form in neutral pH (4)
1. Ammonium urate 2. Calcium oxalate mono and di-hydrate 3. Cystine 4. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
38
Crystals that form in alkaline urine (4)
1. Ammonium urate (Ammonium biurate) 2. Amorphous phosphates 3. Calcium carbonate 4. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
39
Calcium carbonate crystals
1. Radiant spheres or dumbells 2. Normal in Horses, goats, rabbits, guinea pigs 3. Not reported in dogs and cats
40
Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals (struvite)
1. May form in stored sample | 2. Assoc with bacterial infection by urease producing bacteria (staph, proteus)
41
Calcium oxalate crystals
1. Dihydrate is princess diamond | 2. Monohydrate more dxstic for ethylene glycol poisoning
42
Calcium oxalates crystals from ethylene glycol poisoning occur between
6-18 hours after ingestion
43
Bilirubin crystals
1. Can be normal | 2. Can indicate bilirubin metabolism disorder (pre or post hepatic)
44
Prehepatic bilirubin metabolism disorder
hemolysis
45
Ammonium urate crystals/ammonium biruate
Thorny apples 1. Shunt animals 2. Severe hepatic dz 3. clinically normal dalmations and english bulldogs
46
Cystine crystals
1. Predisposition for urolithiasis
47
Sulfa crystals
Leaf things | Sulfa drugs
48
Amorphous phosphates
NBD
49
Amorphous urates
1. portovascular malformation 2. severe hepatic dz 3. ammonium urate urolithiasis
50
Infectious agents best visualized in: | But confirmed in:
Best visualized in: stained prep | But confirmed in unstained prep
51
Yeast
Small budding org, deep blue stain ush
52
Fungi
Branching hyphae, may stain poorly
53
Parasites
Capillaria plica | -amber colored, thick wall, bipolar caps
54
TCC
Atypical transitional epithelial cells in absence of inflammation

Clin path 4th year (6 decks)

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