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Clin path 4th year > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Indications for urinalysis (7)

A
  1. Dehydration (do before fluids)
  2. Evidence UTI
  3. Evidence hemolysis
  4. Crystal eval - liver dz, ethylene glycol
  5. Early indicator AKI aminoglycosides
  6. Bacteria ID diskospondylitis
  7. Fungal elements in systemic aspergillosis
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2
Q

Ideal amount of urine to collect

A

6 ml

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3
Q

Most common causes discolored urine (3)

A
  1. Hematuria
  2. Hemoglobinuria
  3. bilirubinuria
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4
Q

Common causes increased turbidity (3)

A
  1. Pyuria
  2. Crystaluria
  3. lipiduria
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5
Q

Urine pad things we use (7)

A
  1. pH
  2. Protein
  3. Glucose
  4. Ketones
  5. Bilirubin
  6. Hemoprotein
  7. Urobilinogen
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6
Q

Alkaline urine causes false positive

A

protein reading

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7
Q

Dipsticks only detect which protein?

A

Albumin

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8
Q

Magnification to scan for casts and epithelial cells

A

10X

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9
Q

High dry mag (40X) for (8)

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Crystals
  3. Erythrocytes
  4. Leukocytes
  5. Mucous threads
  6. Oil droplets
  7. Parasites
  8. Sperm
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10
Q

Casts and crystals best viewed on

A

unstained prep

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11
Q

Things causing acidic urine (5)

A
  1. Meat ingestions
  2. Resp/Met acidosis
  3. Severe vomiting with chloride depletion
  4. Severe diarrhea
  5. Urinary acidifiers
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12
Q

Things causing alkaline urine (5)

A
  1. Recent meal
  2. UTI with urease prod bact
  3. Renal tubular acidosis
  4. Diet veggies/cereals
  5. Met/resp alkalosis
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13
Q

Trace protein normal if Spec grav

A

greater than 1.035

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14
Q

Causes of transient proteinuria (4)

A
  1. strenuous exercise
  2. fever
  3. seizure
  4. veinous congestion of kidneys
    * Rarely of concern
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15
Q

Causes of persistent proteinuria

A

Renal glomerular dz:

  • glomerulonephritis
  • amyloidosis
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16
Q

Urine protein/creatinine ration

A

> 1 abnormal

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17
Q

Fanconi’s syndrome

A

Proximal renal tubular dysfunction - glucose in urine

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18
Q

Ketonuria + glucosuria

A

Diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

Ketonuria w/o glucosuria

A

excessive lipid catabolism

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20
Q

Production of ketones

A

Through lipolysis s/a

  1. starvation
  2. fasting
  3. diabetic ketoacidosis
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21
Q

Bilirubinuria can be normal for:

Bilirubinuria never normal for:

A

Can be normal for male dogs if spec grav > 1.030

Never normal for cats

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22
Q

To be excreted in urine bilirubin must be

A

conjugated

23
Q

Most common causes bilirubinuria

A
  1. hepatic disease
  2. posthepatic bile duct obstruction
  3. hemolytic diseases (extravascular hemolysis)
24
Q

Types of blood stuff that the reagent strip can detect

A
  1. hemoglobin
  2. myoglobin
  3. Red blood cells
25
Q

Red plasma means

A

Hemoglobinuria
Hemolytic anemia
Intravascular hemolysis

26
Q

Squamous epithelium originate from:

Usually seen as a result of:

A 
Originate from:
1. distal urethra
2. vagina
3. prepuce
Result from:
1. voided sample
2. squamous metaplasia
3. squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
27
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

line bladder and proximal urethra

28
Q

Caudate epithelium originate from:

Seen with:

A 
Originate from:
-renal pelvis
Seen with:
-pyelonephritis
-calculi in renal pelvis
29
Q

Renal tubular epithelium originate from:

Seen with:

A 
Originate from:
-parenchyma of kidney
Seen with:
-kidney damage
-tubular nephritis
30
Q

Hyaline cast

A

low numbers insignificant

31
Q

Fatty cast

A

Degeneration of tubular epithelial cells

32
Q

Epithelial casts

A
  • nephritis or pyelonephritis
  • degenerates to coarse granular
  • then fine granular
  • then waxy cast
33
Q

Waxy cast indicates

A

chronic tubular lesion

34
Q

Hemoglobin cast

A

Intravascular hemolysis

35
Q

Size of stuff in unstained prep

A

Epithelial cells > Neutraphils > Erythrocytes

36
Q

Crystals that form in acidic urine (7)

A
  1. Ammonium urate (ammonium biurate)
  2. Amorphous urates
  3. Bilirubin
  4. Calcium oxalate-mono and di-hydrate
  5. Cystine
  6. Sulfa metabolites
  7. Uric acid
37
Q

Crystals that form in neutral pH (4)

A
  1. Ammonium urate
  2. Calcium oxalate mono and di-hydrate
  3. Cystine
  4. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
38
Q

Crystals that form in alkaline urine (4)

A
  1. Ammonium urate (Ammonium biurate)
  2. Amorphous phosphates
  3. Calcium carbonate
  4. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
39
Q

Calcium carbonate crystals

A
  1. Radiant spheres or dumbells
  2. Normal in Horses, goats, rabbits, guinea pigs
  3. Not reported in dogs and cats
40
Q

Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals (struvite)

A
  1. May form in stored sample

2. Assoc with bacterial infection by urease producing bacteria (staph, proteus)

41
Q

Calcium oxalate crystals

A
  1. Dihydrate is princess diamond

2. Monohydrate more dxstic for ethylene glycol poisoning

42
Q

Calcium oxalates crystals from ethylene glycol poisoning occur between

A

6-18 hours after ingestion

43
Q

Bilirubin crystals

A
  1. Can be normal

2. Can indicate bilirubin metabolism disorder (pre or post hepatic)

44
Q

Prehepatic bilirubin metabolism disorder

A

hemolysis

45
Q

Ammonium urate crystals/ammonium biruate

A

Thorny apples

  1. Shunt animals
  2. Severe hepatic dz
  3. clinically normal dalmations and english bulldogs
46
Q

Cystine crystals

A
  1. Predisposition for urolithiasis
47
Q

Sulfa crystals

A

Leaf things

Sulfa drugs

48
Q

Amorphous phosphates

A

NBD

49
Q

Amorphous urates

A
  1. portovascular malformation
  2. severe hepatic dz
  3. ammonium urate urolithiasis
50
Q

Infectious agents best visualized in:

But confirmed in:

A

Best visualized in: stained prep

But confirmed in unstained prep

51
Q

Yeast

A

Small budding org, deep blue stain ush

52
Q

Fungi

A

Branching hyphae, may stain poorly

53
Q

Parasites

A

Capillaria plica

-amber colored, thick wall, bipolar caps

54
Q

TCC

A

Atypical transitional epithelial cells in absence of inflammation

Clin path 4th year (6 decks)

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