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Clin path 4th year > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Follicular cyst/epidurmal inclusion cyst

A
  • Not true cyst
  • Cheesy
  • Mature keratinized squamous epithelial cells
  • Cholesterol
  • Inflammation if lesion ruptured
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2
Q

Apocrine cyst

A
  • sweat glands

- low cellularity

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3
Q

Sebaceous cyst

A
  • brown oily fluid

- low cellularity with amorphous basophilic secretory material

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4
Q

Inflammation

A

> 85% neuts

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5
Q

Non degenerate neuts causes

A
  1. Immune-mediated dz
  2. Inflammation from a neoplasm
  3. Chemical irritant
  4. Some bacterial infections
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6
Q

Degenerative changes

A

Bacterial infection

  1. karyolysis
  2. Karyorrhexis
  3. Pyknosis
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7
Q

Karyolysis

A
  • Swollen pale nucleus
  • Indicates rapid cell death
  • Ush from exposure to bact toxins
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8
Q

Karyorrhexis

A
  • Nuclei fragmented in small pieces, cell type not recognizeable
  • Indicates rapid cell death
  • Ush from bacterial toxins
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9
Q

Pyknosis

A
  • Nuclear material condensed into one/two dark spheres (looks like a nRBC)
  • Indicates slow cell death
  • Can be a natural death
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10
Q

Pyogranulomatous/granulomatous inflammation

A

Neuts present but >/= 15% macrophages

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11
Q

DDX for pyogranulomatous/granulomatous inflamm

A
  1. Fungal infection
  2. foreign bodies
  3. furunculosis from ruptured hair follicle
  4. atypical mycobacteria
  5. actinomycosis/nocardosis
  6. Panniculitis
  7. Lick granulomas
  8. Tissue rxn to injections
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12
Q

Fungal stuff assoc with pyogranulomatous inflamm

A
  1. Blastomyces dermatitidis
    - round to ovoid thick-walled yeast, broad based budding
    - Ohio river valley
  2. Cryptococcus neoformans
    - wide clear/poorly stained capsule, narrow-based budding
    - worldwide, common in cats
  3. Histoplasma capsulatum
    - reddish-purple, ovoid, thin clear capsule, often in macs
    - tropical/subtropical region, broad based budding
  4. Sporothrix schenckii
    - oval to cigar yeast, thin capsule, often in macs
  5. Dermatophytes
    - round to elongate, clear cell wall, may include hyphal forms
  6. Pythium insidiosum
    - clear to poorly staining, branching hyphal elements, eosinophilic component often present
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13
Q

Foreign body

A

Pyogranulomatous or mixed inflamm rxn

  • macs
  • neuts
  • lymphs
  • possibly eos
  • multinucleated giant cells
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14
Q

Furunculosis

A

Inflammation hair follicle, subsequent rupture

-ush pyogranulomatous inflamm

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15
Q

Tissue rxn to injections

A

Granulomatous/pyogranulomatous

  1. macs and giant multinucleated cells
  2. amorphous pink to basophilic material
  3. USUALLY PROMINANT LYMPHOCYTIC COMPONENT
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16
Q

Mycobacterium spp

A

Pyogranulomatous/granulomatous inflamm

  • organisms non-staining long rods
  • usually organisms in macrophages
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17
Q

Actinomyces and Nocardia spp

A

Pyogranulomatous/suppurative response

  • Filamentous rods, may form dense aggregates
  • ‘sulfur granules’
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18
Q

Eosinophilic inflammation

A

> /= 10% eosinophils

19
Q

Eosinophilic inflamm DDX

A
  1. Eosinophilic granuloma coplex
  2. Allergic/hypersensitivity rxn
  3. parasitic migration
    - sarcoptic mange
    - habronema
    - onchocerca
    - paragonimus
    - heartworms
    - lung worms
  4. Mast cell tumors
  5. Pythosis, some fungal infections
  6. lymphoid neoplasia
20
Q

Cytologic characteristics benign neoplasm

A
  1. uniform cytoplasma, nuclei
  2. uniformity nuclear:cytoplasm ratio
  3. uniform nucleoli
21
Q

Cyto charact malignancy

A
  1. Anisokaryosis
  2. Pleomorphism
  3. variable nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
  4. increased mitotic activity
  5. variable nucleoli
  6. coarse chromatin
  7. nuclear molding
  8. multinucleation
22
Q

Epithelial neoplasms

A

Carcinoma/adenocarcinoma

  1. Ush large cells
  2. Exfoliate in clumps/sheets
  3. Acinar formation if glandular
  4. Cells adherent
  5. Distinct cytoplasmic borders
  6. Nuclei ush round to polygonal
23
Q

Mesenchymal neoplasms

A

Sarcoma

  1. small to medium cells
  2. Aspirates less cellular
  3. Cells more individual than epithelial
  4. Wispy cytoplasm, spindle shaped
  5. Indistinct cytoplasmic borders
  6. Nuclei ush oval to polygonal
24
Q

Round cell neoplasm

A
  1. Small to medium cells
  2. Individual round cells
  3. Discrete cytoplasmic borders, no cell junctions
25
Q

Types of round cell neoplasms (6)

A
  1. Lymphoma
  2. Plasma cell
  3. Mast cell tumor
  4. Histiocytic neoplasm
  5. Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)
  6. Melanoma
26
Q

Neuroendocrine neoplasms

A
  1. Tumors of chemoreceptors or endocrine glands
  2. free nuclei in background of cytoplasm
  3. Apocrine gland adenocarcinoma looks neuroendocrine
27
Q

Mixed cell populations

A
  1. Inflammation may cause reactive changes
    - makes stuff look cancery
  2. Histopath req’d for def. dx
28
Q

Anisokaryosis

A

Variation in nuclear size between cells

29
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variation in nuclear and cell size and shape

30
Q

Coarse/clumped chromatin

A

Nuclei with clearly visible Light and Dark areas

31
Q

Normal lymph node cytology

A
  1. 75-90% small, well-differentiated lymphocytes
    (1-1.5 times the size of a RBC)
  2. < 5-10% intermediate and large with rare blasts
  3. Low #s mature plasma cells, macs, mast cells, and neuts ok
32
Q

Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (reactive LN)

A
  1. Small, well-differentiated lymphs predominate
  2. Expanded pop large lymphs (up to 15% of pop)
  3. More blasts, up to 10-20% of pop
33
Q

If RLH in regional node

A
  1. examine areas drained by node
    - infection
    - inflammation
    - neoplasia
34
Q

If generalized RLH

A

Look for systemic infection or antigenic stimulation

35
Q

Generalized lymphadenomegaly DDX

A
  1. Systemic fungal infections
  2. Bacterial septicemia
  3. Rickettsial infections (Ehrlichia canis/RMSF)
  4. Viral dz (FIV/FeLV)
  5. Systemic autoimmune dz (SLE)
36
Q

Inflammation (Lymphadenitis)
Purulent
Eosinophilic
Pyogranulomatous

A
  1. Purulent: > 5% neuts
    - infection
  2. Eosinophilic: > 3% eos
    - allergic dermatitis, hypersensitivity
  3. Pyogranulomatous: sig mac component
    - ush fungal infections
37
Q

Primary lymph neoplasia (lymphoma)

A
  1. Lymphoma suspected if 30% of pop is blasts

2. Can dx lymphoma if > 50% blasts present

38
Q

Lymphoma in dogs

A
  1. Ush lymphoblasts
    - large cell, dark blue cytoplasm, diffuse chromatin, nucleoli usually visible
  2. Admin of glucocorticoids can decrease blast population to below 30 or 50%
39
Q

Lymphoma in cats

A
  1. Lymphomas ush well-differentiated lymphocytes
40
Q

Submandibular nodes (dogs) drain

A
  1. head

2. rostral oral cavity

41
Q

Superficial cervical nodes (prescaps) in dogs drain

A
  1. caudal part of head
  2. most of thoracic limb
  3. part of thoracic wall
42
Q

Axillary nodes (dogs) drain

A
  1. Thoracic wall
  2. Deep structures of thoracic limb and neck
  3. Thoracic and cranial abdominal mammary glands
43
Q

Superficial inguinal nodes (dogs) drain

A
  1. Caudal abdomen
  2. Inguinal mammary glands
  3. ventral half of abdominal wall
  4. penis, prepuce, scrotal skin
  5. tail
  6. ventral pelvis
  7. medial side of thigh and stifle
44
Q

Popliteal nodes (dogs) drain

A

All parts distal to the node

Clin path 4th year (6 decks)

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