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Clin path 4th year > Body cavity effusions > Flashcards

Body cavity effusions Flashcards

1
Q

Samples of effusion should be collected in what tube?

A

EDTA (purple top)

*keep an aliquot in red top if possible

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2
Q

At the time of collection always

A

Make a slide

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3
Q

Pure transudate parameters

A 
Protein < 2.5 g/dl
Nucleated cells < 1000/microl
*low numbers
-nondegenerate neutrophils
-monocytes
-lymphocytes
-occasional reactive mesothelium
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4
Q

Transudates from hypoabluminemia happen when albumen conc

A

conc < 1.0 g/dl

*Unless hypertension also present

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5
Q

Conditions resulting in pure transudates

A
  1. Dec. protein production
  2. Increased protein loss
  3. Relative decrease plasma albumin
  4. Increased venous pressure (hypertension)
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6
Q

Decreased protein production seen in patients with

A
  1. liver failure ie: cirrhosis
  2. malnutrition
  3. maldigestion
  4. malabsorption
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7
Q

Increased protein loss

A
  1. PLN
  2. PLE
  3. Intestinal parasitism
  4. Intestinal neoplasia
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8
Q

Relative decrease plasma albumin

A

Iatrogenic from too much fluids

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9
Q

Increased venous pressure from

A
  1. Portal hypertension secondary to
    - chronic liver dz
    - portal vein hypoplasia
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10
Q

Uroperitoneum

A

NON SEPTIC EXUDATE

  1. Transudate like fluid
  2. very low protein and TNCC
  3. Neutrophils typically predominate
  4. Other biochem abn
    - elevated serum BUN and creat
    - hypoNa, hyperK
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11
Q

Transudate classification in horses

A

Protein < 2.5 g/dl
Cells < 1,500/microl
*neuts usually predominate
*can be normal

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12
Q

Modified Transudate parameters

A

Protein 2.5-5.0 g/dl
Cell count 500-5,000/microl
*majority mononuclear cells
*may eventually look like nonseptic exudate

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13
Q

Clinical conditions resulting in modified transudates

A
  1. Congestive heart failure (dog)
    - Cats with CHF get chylous effusions
  2. Lymphoma, carcinoma, mesothelioma, hemangiosarc
  3. Hernias
  4. Obstruction cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava, hepatic vein
  5. Trauma
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14
Q

Modified transudates in equines

A

cell count 5,000-10,000 /microl
Normal if protein < 2.5 g/dl
Abnormal if protein > 2.5 g/dl
*neutrophils will predominate

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15
Q

Causes modified transudate in equines

A
  1. proximal enteritis
  2. thromboembolism
  3. strangulation of vessels
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16
Q

Exudate parameters

A

white to amber to pink color, usually turbid
Protein usually > 3 g/dl
Cell counts typically > 5,000 / microl
*neut is predominant cell pop

17
Q

Clinical conditions resulting in nonseptic exudates

A
  1. Uroperitoneum
  2. Bile peritonitis
  3. Feline FIP
  4. Infection/inflammation in internal organs
  5. sterile foreign bodies
  6. neoplasia
18
Q

Bile peritonitis

A
  1. Nonseptic in acute stages
  2. Yellow-green to brown color
  3. Dark gree to black seen in background and in phagocytes
19
Q

FIP

A
  1. Usually very high protein count (granular, eosinophilic background material)
  2. Nucleated cell counts variable
  3. Predominant cell type non-degenerate neuts
20
Q

Septic exudate parameters

A
  1. Phagocytosed intracellular organisms
  2. Nuclear karyolysis
    - swollen pale nucleus
  3. Nuclear karyorrhexis
    - nuclear fragmentation
21
Q

Exudative fluids in equines

A

cell count > 10,000/microl

protein > 3.0 g/dl

22
Q

Hemorrhagic effusions

A
  1. PCV should be at least 10-25% peripheral blood
  2. Platelets ush not present
  3. Blood usually doesn’t clot
  4. Macs with erythrocytes, hemosiderin, hematoidin
23
Q

Clin. conditions causing hemorrhagic effusions

A
  1. Traumatic injury
  2. Rodenticide poisoning
  3. Neoplasia
  4. Hemorrhagic pericardial effusions
24
Q

Two neoplasms commonly causing pericardial effusion

A
  1. hemangiosarcoma

2. chemodectoma (heart base tumors)

25
Q

Exfoliated mesothelium may have characteristics

A

That mimic malignancy

26
Q

Chylous effusion causes

A
  1. CHF cats
  2. mediastinal neoplasms
  3. hernia
  4. lung torsion
  5. granuloma
  6. lymphedema
  7. Idiopathic
27
Q

Term neoplastic effusion should only be used

A

When neoplastic cell population ID’d in fluid

28
Q

Clinical conditions resulting in neoplastic effusions

A
  1. Lymphoma
  2. Carcinoma/adenocarcinoma
  3. Hemangiosarcoma
  4. Mesothelioma
  5. Mast Cell Tumors
29
Q

Lymphoma

A
  1. Ush homogenous pop large lymphoblasts
30
Q

Carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma

A
  1. Carcinomatosis
    - marked pleomorphism
    - macrokaryosis (giant nuclei)
    - large angular or multiple nucleoli
    - multinucleation
    - increased mitotic activity
31
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A
  1. Ush can’t see neoplastic cells

2. If present cells large, small clusters, polygonal to spindle, pale blue appearance, large nuclei, megalocytosis

Clin path 4th year (6 decks)

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