Urinalysis Flashcards
What does a basic urinalysis consist of?
- Visual inspection
- Chemical dipstick screening to look for blood, white cells, sugar, protein, and other substances
T/F: the dipstick may be read manually and automatically? What about the microscopic analysis?
True
Microscopic analysis: usually manually, but can also be automatic
If necessary, a microscopic analysis can be done to look for what three things?
Cells- dysmorphic rbc’s, wbc’s, shed epithelial cells
Casts- cell casts, matrix casts, waxy casts, granular, etc.
Crystals- uric acid, neutral, alkaline, abnormal
Red blood cells within the urine can come from any point along the urinary tract. Dysmorphic red blood cells are often a sign of of disease affecting the _______?
Glomerulus
Because it is the most concentrated, the _______ is often a preferred specimen for analysis…
“The first voided morning urine, because it is normally concentrated, is often the preferred specimen for urinalysis”
His response to my email
What two measurements reflect the concentrating ability of the kidneys?
Specific Gravity
Osmolality
After a period of dehydration, the osmolality should be ____ times that of plasma?
3-4 times that of plasma
(Had to email him to get this)
Proteinuria greater than ______ indicates nephrotic syndrome, but is occasionally seen in systemic diseases that affect the kidneys?
3.5 g/day
_____ can be seen in diabetic individuals?
It can also be seen in other states, such as ________ and ________?
Urine glucose
-pregnancy, endocrine disorders, pancreatic disorders
The ______ and _______ tests are used to help identify UTI’s?
Nitrite (reduced from nitrate by bacteria) & leukocyte esterase (measure of neutrophils)
-Positive results should confirmed by microscopic analysis of the urine and/ or culture
How long after a sample is collected should the urinalysis be performed?
2 hours or refrigerated
-24 hour specimens are unacceptable for UA testing
Why would you do a 24 hour urine test?
You avoid any momentary changes in urine….
- You want to do urine protein electrophoresis
- Urine electrolytes
- Total protein
- Hormones
T/F: you can see significant loss of function prior to rise in serum creatinine of BUN
True
-if their starting level is .5 they could lose half of kidney function and still be in normal limits
What condition/ substances are in the urine if it is yellow-green-brown? What about orange-red-brown? Pink-red? Dark brown-black?
Yellow-green-brown: bile pigments
Orange-red-brown: excreted urobilinogen
Pink red: hematuria, hemaglobinuria
Dark brown-black: methemoglobin, rhabdomyolysis
T/F: the dipstick method is only sensitive to one protein: albumin?
True
-So if you suspect other proteins (i.e. immunoglobulins) you need to do electrophoresis or total protein
