Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Microscopy 2 > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

0
Q

Milky urine

A

1 Pyuria
2 Lipiduria
3 Chyluria
4 Emulsified paraffin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Anaerobes in urine vs. anaerobes in bladder

A

Normal flora

Etiologic agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamins

A

Ascorbic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Crystals in concentrated urine samples

A

Uric acid

Phosphate crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Formed elements

A 
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Renal tubular epithelial cells
Transitional epithelial cells
Squamous epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Preserves sediments

A

One crystal thymol per 10-15 mL urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Preserve or refrigerate urine specimen at

A

4 Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Container for suprapubic aspirate

A

Anaerobic transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Container for typical urinalysis

A

Clean container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functions of the kidney

A

1 Elimination of excess body water
2 Elimination of waste products of metabolism (i.e. urea, creatinine)
3 Elimination of foreign substances
4 Retention of substances necessary for normal body function (i.e. proteins, amino acids, glucose)
5 Regulation of electrolyte balance and osmotic pressures of the body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Contents of transport tubes which preserve bacteria without refrigeration for 24 hours when 100,000 CFU/mL is present in the initial urine specimen

A

Boric acids
Glycerol
Sodium formate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Suitable specimen for protein and microscopic sediments

A

Concentrated specimen (morning urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Consequences of a urine sample that has deteriorated

A

1 Destroyed RBCs and WBCs by hypotonicity of urine
2 Decomposed casts
3 Bacterial contamination
4 Decreased pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Artifacts

A

1 Cotton, hair, other fibers
2 Granules of starch
3 Oil droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Indicates UTI

A

Greater than 100,000 CFU/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Collection for asymptomatic patients

A

3 consecutive early morning specimens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Suitable specimen for quantitative analysis

A

24-hour urine specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Suitable specimen for bacteriologic exam

A

Voided midstream urine

Catheterized specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Smokey urine

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Procedure for routine analysis

A

1 Number the urine specimens and the corresponding request
2 Number the 15 mL centrifuge tube corresponding to urine sample
3 Mix each specimen thoroughly and place 12 mL to the corresponding tube (Note color, turbidity, and reactions)
4 Measure specific gravity
5 Centrifuge for 5 minutes at 1500 to 2000 rpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Abnormal cells and other formed elements

A 
1 Tumor cells
2 Viral inclusion cells
3 Platelets
4 Bacteria, fungi, parasites
5 Contaminants
6 Artifacts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Composition of urine

A 
1 Water
2 Urine solute
3 Sugars
4 Intermediary metabolites
5 Free fatty acids and trace amounts of cholesterol
6 Hormones
7 Biogenic amines
8 Vitamins
9 Trace amounts of porphyrins
10 Crystals
11 Formed elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Physical tests

A 
1 Color
2 Turbidity
3 Odor
4 Volume
5 Osmolality and specific gravity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chemical tests

A

1 pH
2 Protein
3 Reducing substances
4 Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Orange urine
Concentrated urine
25
Preserves sediments and formed elements
One drop of formalin per 10 mL urine
26
Preservative that kills bacteria
One drop of formalin per 10 mL urine
27
Color of urine with amidopurine drugs
Bright orange
28
Opalescent urine
Lipiduria
29
Components preserved by freezing
1 Bilirubin 2 Urobilinogen 3 Ketones
30
Urine solute components
``` 1 Urea 2 Sodium chloride 3 Potassium 4 Sulfate (organic or inorganic) 5 Phosphates ```
31
Milky urine due to many neutrophils
Pyuria
32
Procedure for clean-catch midstream specimens
1 Clean urethral area with sponge and soap 2 Retract skin folds (labia or prepuce) 3 The first-void urine is passed into the toilet to clear the urethra 4 Collect the midstream specimen 5 Continue voiding
36
Container for culture
Sterile, wide-mouthed, screw-capped
37
Preserve glucose and other constituents
Preservative tablets
38
Methods for sample collection
1 Suprapubic aspiration and straight catheterization 2 Clean-catch midstream specimens 3 Collection bags for specimens from children 4 Indwelling catheters
38
General considerations for urine specimen collection
1 Transport urine to the lab as soon as possible 2 Culture urine specimens within 2 hours after collection or refrigerate and culture them within 8 hours whenever possible 3 Refrigerated urine specimens may be held for < 24 hours 4 Request for another specimen when there is no evidence of refrigeration and the specimen is < 24 h old 5 Request for another specimen when the collection time and method of collection have not been provided 6 If an improperly collected, transported or handled specimen cannot be replaced, document in the final report that specimen quality may have been compromised 7 Always use dry containers
39
Components preserved by HCl
Calcium | Phosphorus
40
Sugars
Pentoses
41
Suitable specimen for glucose
Urine after eating
42
Deep yellow urine
Riboflavin
43
Components preserved by refrigeration
1 Barbiturates 2 Drug abuse 3 Protein
44
Normal turbidity of urine
Absent (clear)
45
Biogenic amines
Catecholamines | Serotonin metabolites
46
Substances present in cloudy urine
``` 1 Phosphates and carbonates 2 Leukocytes 3 Bacteria and yeast 4 Prostatic fluid 5 Mucus threads 6 Clumps, pus, tissue 7 Urates and uric acid 8 RBCs 9 Spermatozoa 10 Mucin 11 Calculi 12 Radiographic dye ```
47
Greenish-orange urine
Bilirubin
48
Used for pediatric patients
Urine bag
50
Almost colorless urine
Dilute urine
51
Mousy smell
Phenylketonuria
52
Brown to black urine
Melanin
53
Time of collection
Early in the morning
54
Normal volume of water in the urine
1,000 mL to 1,500 mL/24 h
55
Reddish orange urine in alkaline solution
Rhubarb or serra
56
Hormones
Ketosteroids Estrogens Aldosterone Pituitary gonadotropins
57
Normal pH of urine
4.6-8.0
58
Color of urine with excess indican
Dirty green in standing
59
Suitable specimen for chemical and microscopic exams
Voided specimen
60
Interferes with protein test
One crystal thymol per 10-15 mL urine
61
Average daily volume of one-year olds
360-600 mL
62
Intermediary metabolites
Oxalic acid Citric acid Pyruvate
63
Factors that cause acidic urine
1 Diet high in meat protein and some fruits | 2 Drugs with ammonium chloride, methionine, methenamine mondelate, and acid phosphatase
64
Lack of odor
Acute renal failure
65
Rancid urine
Tyrosinemia
66
Normal urine color
Yellow or straw to amber
67
Methionine malabsorption
Cabbage | Hops
68
Microscopic analysis
``` 1 Red blood cells 2 White blood cells 3 Crystals 4 Epithelial cells 5 Casts ```
68
Preservative used for routine screening
Preservative tablet
69
Polyuria
Increase in volume > 2000 mL in 24 hrs
70
Signifies that tubule mechanisms of acidification are intact
ph of 5.5 and below
71
Night urine volume of adults
400 mL
73
Causes of glycosuria with hyperglycemia
``` 1 Endocrine disorders 2 Alpha or beta cell pancreatic tumors 3 Hyperthyroidism 4 Phaechromocytoma 5 Pancreatic diseases 6 CNS disorders 7 Disturbances in metabolism 8 Liver disease 9 Glycogen storage disease 10 Obesity and feeding after starvation ```
74
Preferred in critical conditions
Osmolality of urine and plasma
75
Excretion of urine of low specific gravity (< 1.007)
Hyposthenuria
76
Isosthenuria
Excretion of urine that has not been concentrated by the kidneys and has the same osmolality as that of plasma (1.010)
77
Color of urine with hemoglobin pigments
Wine red
77
Maple syrup urine
Maple syrup urine disease
80
Normal range of specific gravity of urine
1.005-1.030
81
Causes of decrease in urine volume
1 Dehydration 2 Renal ischemia 3 Renal disease 4 Obstruction
83
Translucent, colorless gels from protein in the tubules or nephrons
Casts
84
pH of urine
A reflection of the ability of the kidneys to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluids
85
Inclusions (Cast Classification)
``` 1 Granules 2 Fat globules 3 Hemosiderin granules 4 Crystals 5 Melanin granules ```
86
Detects all proteins and indicates the presence of globulins
Acid-precipitation test
87
Normal osmolality of urine
800-1400 mOsm/kg water
88
Causes of alkaline urine
1 Renal tubular acidosis 2 Early pyelonephritis 3 Primary aldosterone secretory tumor 4 Hypokalemia
89
2 general methods for chemical tests
Reagent strip methodology | Confirmatory tests
91
Principle of Fouchet's test
Barium chloride and urine --> barium sulfate (ppt) | Bilirubin adsorbed and filtered --> Add Fouchet's ferric chloride --> Biliberon
92
Color of biliberon
Greenish-blue
93
Cells (Cast Classification)
``` 1 RBCs and remnants 2 WBCs 3 Renal tubular epithelial cells 4 Mixed cells 5 Bacteria ```
94
Causes of hyaline casts
``` 1 Acute glomerulonephritis 2 Malignant hypertension 3 Chronic renal disease 4 Congestive heart failure 5 Diabetic nephropathy ```
95
Accumulation of acid in the body due to failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify urine
Renal tubular acidosis
96
Color of urine with urobilin
Orange-brown
96
Sweaty feet and glutaric acidemia
Isovaleric acidemia
97
Causes of increased renal tubular epithelial cells
``` 1 Malignant nephrosclerosis 2 Acute glomerulonephritis 3 Acute tubular necrosis 4 Papilitis 5 Acute renal allograft rejection urates ```
100
Crystals present in acidic urine
``` 1 Calcium oxalate 2 Uric acid 3 Urates 4 Cysteine 5 Tyrosine 6 Leucine ```
101
Milky urine
Chyluria
102
Factors that affect glucose appearance
1 Blood level 2 Glomerular blood flow 3 Tubular reabsorption rate 4 Urine flow
103
Heavy proteinuria
> 4 g/day
104
Almost always indicate significant renal disease
Granular casts
105
Inflammation caused by UTI in the upper urinary system (kidney and ureters)
Early pyelonephritis
106
Average daily volume of ten year-olds
750-2000 mL
106
Factors which cause alkaline urine
1 Diet high in certain fruits and vegetables | 2 Drugs with sodium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, and acetacolamide
107
Confirmatory tests for protein in urine
1 Sulfosalicylic acid test | 2 Quantitative methods
109
Give an indication of the urinary total solute concentration
Osmolality | Specific gravity
110
Test for acetone and acetoacetic acid
Rothera's test
111
Rotting fish odor
Trimethylaminuria
111
Normal amount of protein in urine
150 mg/24 h
112
Causes of heavy proteinuria
``` 1 Nephrotic syndrome 2 Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis 3 Lupus nephritis 4 Amyloid disease 5 Severe venous congestion of the kidney ```
113
Crystals present in basic urine
1 Phosphates 2 Calcium carbonate 3 Ammonium urate
114
Methods used for amount of protein in urine
1 Reagent strip method | 2 Acid-precipitation test
115
Responsible for yellow color of urine
1 Urochrome | 2 Urobilins
115
Sulfosalicylic acid test
3 mL urine + 3 mL 10% sulfosalicylic acid in 50% methanol
117
Indicate pyelonephritis
RBC casts
118
Average daily volume of newborns
20-350 mL
118
Moderate proteinuria
0.5-4 g/day
119
Method sensitive to albumin
Reagent strip method
120
Causes of moderate proteinuria
``` 1 Nephrotic syndrome 2 Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis 3 Lupus nephritis 4 Amyloid disease 5 Severe venous congestion of the kidney 6 Nephrosclerosis 7 Pyelonephritis with hypertension 8 Diabetic nephropathy 9 Preeclampsia of pregnancy 10 Toxic nephropathies 11 Radiation nephritis 12 Chronic pyelonephritis 13 Inactive phase of glomerular disease 14 Polycystic kidney 15 Renal tubular disease ```
121
Increased number of casts
Kidney disease
122
Components preserved by boric acid
1 Creatinine 2 Uric acid 3 Glucose
123
Benedict's qualitative test
0.5 mL urine + Benedict's solution
126
Test for total urobilinogen and urobilin
Schlesinger's test
127
Presence of renal tubular epithelial cells
Abnormal
128
Indicate gout
Urates
129
Denser and waxy casts
Chronic renal disease
130
Causes of polyuria
1 Excessive intake of water 2 Increased salt intake and high protein diet 3 Certain drugs with diuretic effect (caffeine, alcohol, thiazides) 4 Intravenous saline or glucose 5 Pathologic states (diabetes, chronic renal failure)
131
Based on specific glucose oxidase and peroxidase method
Reagent strip method
132
Normal odor of urine
Faint aromatic odor
132
Test for bilirubin
Fouchet's test
132
Found in localized nephron obstruction
Waxy casts
135
Confirmatory tests for glucose
1 Copper reduction test | 2 Copper reduction tablet tests
136
Other term for copper reduction test
Benedict's test
137
Found in asymptomatic or chemical diabetes
Hyperglycemia with no significant glycosuria
138
(++) Approx. 1.0% reducing substance in Benedict's test
Greenish brown
139
Causes of glycosuria without hyperglycemia
``` 1 Renal tubular dysfunction 2 Drugs, poison, endogenous toxins 3 Franconi's syndrome 4 Galactosuria 5 Amino acid disorders ```
139
Substances that should be absent in the urine
``` 1 Glucose 2 Ketone 3 Bilirubin 4 Bacteria (Nitrate) 5 Leukocyte esterase ```
139
Increased number of leukocytes
Pyuria
139
Causes of increased WBCs in urine
``` 1 Renal disease 2 Calculous disease 3 Bladder tumors 4 Acute inflammatory disease 5 Chronic inflammatory disease ```
140
Benedict's test: Red
(++++) Approx. 2.0% reducing substance
141
Benedict's test: Yellow
(+++) Approx. 1.5% reducing substance
142
Principle of Schlesinger's test
Urobilinogen is oxidized with alcoholic solutions of zinc acetate --> green fluorescent complex
142
Acidic urine
Cysteine
144
Causes of increased RBCs in urine
1 Renal diseases 2 Lower urinary tract disease 3 Extrarenal disease
145
Components preserved by sodium bicarbonate
Porphyrins | Urobilinogen
145
Principle of Rothera's test
Both acetone and acetoacetic acid give a purple color with alkaline sodium nitroprusside
145
Increased transitional epithelial cells
Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or bladder
148
Classification of casts
1 Matrix 2 Inclusions 3 Pigments 4 Cells
149
Basic urine
Oxalates
149
Flat and wide with notch
Waxy casts
151
Pigments (Cast Classification)
1 Hemoglobin 2 Myoglobin 3 Bilirubin 4 Drugs
153
Feature of nephrotic syndrome
Fatty casts
153
Found in tubular damage
Crystal casts
153
Hemoglobin casts
Tubular bleeding
154
Obstructive jaundice
Bilirubin casts
155
Causes of renal tubular epithelial casts
1 Acute tubular necrosis 2 Viral disease 3 Exposure to a variety of drugs
156
Casts
``` 1 Hyaline 2 Granular 3 RBC 4 Waxy 5 Fatty 6 Crystal 7 Hemoglobin 8 Myoglobin 9 Bilirubin 10 Renal tubular epithelial ```
158
Methods for glucose in urine
1 Reagent strip method | 2 Confirmatory tests
159
Classification of hyaline casts
Matrix
160
Classification of waxy casts
Matrix
161
Myoglobin casts
Muscle damage
161
Benedict's test: traces of reducing substance
Greenish blue
161
Benedicts's test: Green
(+) Approx. 0.5% reducing substance
162
A rough test and at best an approximate guide on the amount of sugar
Benedict's qualitative test
162
Causes of granular casts
1 Pyelonephritis 2 Viral disease 3 Chronic lead intoxication
162
Negative result of Benedict's test
Blue

Clinical Microscopy 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions