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Clinical Microscopy 2 > Blood Banking II > Flashcards

Blood Banking II Flashcards

0
Q

Special antigens

A

1 Bombay antigen

2 Australia antigen

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1
Q

Terminal carbohydrates of RBC

A

Fucose

Galactose

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2
Q

Subtypes

A

O > A1 > B > A2 > AB

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3
Q

Most basic surface antigen

A

H antigen

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4
Q

Has H-antigen only

A

Blood type O

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5
Q

Discovered that blood clumping is an immunological reaction

A

Karl Landsteiner

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6
Q

A antigen

A

H-antigen + N acetyl-galactosamine

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7
Q

Phenotype and genotype representations in the ABO blood typing system

A

(Review)

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8
Q

B antigen

A

H-antigen + another galactose

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9
Q

Located on the surface of RBCs

A

Antigens

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10
Q

ABO gene locus

A

Chromosome 9

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11
Q

No H antigen

A

Bombay antigen

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12
Q

Discovered Australia antigen

A

Baruch Blumberg

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13
Q

Causes susceptibility to certain diseases such as infectious mononucleosis and hepatitis infection

A

Australia antigen

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14
Q

T or F. ABO gene is autosomal

A

T

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15
Q

Co-dominant groups

A

A and B

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16
Q

Located in the blood plasma

A

Antibodies

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17
Q

Other term for reverse ABO screening

A

Antibody screening

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18
Q

Universal donor

A

O+

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19
Q

Location of Fy locus

A

Near the centromere on the long arm of chromosome 1 (syntenic to Rh which is located near the tip of the short arm)

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20
Q

Rh+

A

RBCs carry the Rh or D antigen

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21
Q

If a person inherited one group A gene and one group B gene, his RBC would possess both the A and B blood group antigens

A

Co-dominance

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22
Q

Rh Nomenclature

A

1 Fisher-Race Classification (C, E, D minor subtypes)

2 Weiner Classification

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23
Q

Weakly reacting D antigens

A

Du

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24
Q

Hemolytic anemia in fetus or neonate, caused by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to fetal RBCs

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

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25
Q

Signs of erythroblastosis fetalis in the neonate

A

1 Pallor
2 Hepatosplenomegaly
3 Jaundice

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26
Q

Results from incompatibility between maternal and fetal Rh antigens

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

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27
Q

Difference of M and N

A

Amino acid sequence at positions 1 and 5

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28
Q

Signifies active hemolysis in the neonate

A

Hepatosplenomegaly

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29
Q

AB-

A

Universal recipient

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30
Q

Easily destroyed by routine blood bank proteolytic enzymes (ficin, papain, and bromelin) because of their location

A

M and N

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31
Q

Surface antigens

A

1 H antigen
2 A antigen
3 B antigen

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32
Q

Signs of erythroblastosis fetalis in the mother

A

Polyhydramnions

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33
Q

Major RBC sialic acid-rich glycoprotein

A

Glycophorin A

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34
Q

Amino acid sequence of M

A

Serine (1)

Glycine (5)

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35
Q

Transmembrane proteins with loops exposed on the surface of RBCs

A

Rh antigens

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35
Q

A protein that carries many antigens

A

Glyocophorin

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36
Q

Difference of S and s

A

Amino acids at position 29 on Glycophorin B

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37
Q

Less easily degraded by enzymes because antigens are located farther down the glycoprotein

A

S and s

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38
Q

Amino acid at position 29 of s

A

Threonine

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39
Q

Detected on renal capillary endothelium and epithelium

A

M, N, S

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40
Q

Gene coding for GPB

A

GYPB

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41
Q

Amino acid sequence of N

A 
Leucine (1)
Glutamic acid (5)
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43
Q

Not synthesized by RBCs; only adsorbed from plasma

A

Lewis antigens

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44
Q

Amino acid at position 29 of S

A

Methionine

45
Q

Reagent: red cells

A

Reverse ABO typing

46
Q

Duffy antigens

A

Fya and Fyb

47
Q

Lewis antigens in secretions

A

Glycoproteins

48
Q

Characteristics of Duffy antigens

A

1 Destroyed by proteolytic enzymes (ficin, papain, bromelin), chymotrypsin, ZZAP
2 Do not bind complement
3 Stimulated by transfusion or pregnancy
4 Do not react with enzyme-treated RBCs

49
Q

Found on brain, colon, endothelium, lung, spleen, thyroid, thymus, and kidney cells

A

Duffy antigens

50
Q

M and N:

S and s:

A

Outer end of Glycophorin A

Glycophorin B

51
Q

Not found on platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes or granulocytes

A

M, N, S, Duffy antigens

53
Q

Similar to Rh system

A

Kell system

54
Q

Location of genes GYPA and GYPB

A

Chromosome 4

55
Q

Destroy Kell antigens

A 
1 Trypsin and chymotrypsin
2 Dithiothreitol (DTT)
3 ZZAP (a combination of DTT and papain or ficin)
4 Glycine-acid-EDTA
56
Q

Lewis antigens in plasma and on RBCs

A

Glycolipids

57
Q

Other term for k

58
Q

Immunogenic in stimulating antibody production

A

Kell antigens

59
Q

Most immunogenic in stimulating antibody production

60
Q

For ABO grouping

A

Direct antiglobulin test

61
Q

Other term for K

62
Q

Blood typing laboratory techniques

A

1 Slide method and tube method

2 Gel method

63
Q

Reverse typing

A

Patient serum + known RBC

65
Q

Implicated in severe hemolytic transfusion reactions and HDN

A

Kell antigens

65
Q

Associated with chronic granulomatous disease

A

McLeod syndrome

66
Q

Blood typing results interpretation

67
Q

Antisera

A

1 Anti-A (blue)
2 Anti-B (yellow)
3 Anti-Rh/D (colorless, transparent)

68
Q

Detects antibodies

A

Reverse typing

69
Q

Reverse grouping test procedure

A

1 Label card with PID and remove foil
2 Add 50 mcl of each 0.8% reagent red cell suspension to a microtube (A1, A2, B cells)
3 Add 50 mcl of serum or plasma to each microtube
4 Spin card in ID centrifuge
5 Interpret results

70
Q

Gel method tests

A

1 Forward antigen typing

2 Reverse ABO typing/Antibody screening

72
Q

Forward antigen typing procedure

A

1 Prepare 5% cell suspension in Diluent 1 (Bromelin) 500 mcl diluent + 50 mcl blood or 25 mcl cell concentrate
2 Incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes
3 Label card with PID and remove foil
4 Add 10 mcl of cell suspension to each microtube
5 Spin card in ID centrifuge
6 Interpret results

73
Q

Test for serum

A

Antibody screening

74
Q

T or F. A and O blood groups are dominant over B.

A

F. A and B blood groups are dominant over O.

74
Q

Represents a tissue group

A

Lewis system

74
Q

Forward typing

A

Patient RBC + known antisera

75
Q

Gene coding for GPA

76
Q

Indications for ABO grouping

A 
1 Blood donors
2 Transfusion recipients
3 Transplant candidates and donors
4 Prenatal patients
5 Newborns
6 Paternity testing
77
Q

Uses human polyclonal antisera

A

Direct antiglobulin test

78
Q

Detects RBC surface antigen

A

Forward typing

79
Q

The most important and frequently performed procedure in the routine blood bank

A

Cross-matching

80
Q

Determines compatibility between patient serum and donor red blood cells

A

Type and cross

81
Q

Functions of cross-matching

A

1 Determines compatibility of donor’s blood with recipient’s blood
2 Identifies matches for organ transplants
3 Detects clinically significant antibodies

82
Q

Two categories of cross-matching

A

1 Major

2 Minor

83
Q

Three types of cross-matching

A

1 Full
2 Immediate spin
3 Electronic

84
Q

Tests if the recipient has any antibodies to the antigens of the donor’s cells

A

Major cross-matching

85
Q

Major cross-matching

A

Recipient serum is tested against donor packed cells

86
Q

Minor cross-matching

A

Recipient red cells are tested against donor serum

87
Q

Detects donor antibodies directed against a patient’s antigens

A

Minor cross-matching

88
Q

Safest and most comprehensive type of cross-matching

A

Full cross-matching

89
Q

Identifies that an agglutination reaction is caused by IgM rather than IgG or complement activation

A

Immediate spin cross-matching

90
Q

Last guard to ensure a safe transfusion

A

Electronic cross-matching

91
Q

Includes ABO/Rh typing of the unit and of the recipient, and an antibody screen of the recipient

A

Electronic cross-matching

92
Q

Requirement of electronic cross-matching

A

Patient: negative antibody screen

93
Q

Negative antibody screen

A

1 No active RBC atypical antibodies

2 RBC atypical antibodies below the detectable level of current testing methods

94
Q

Three methods of cross-matching

A

1 Saline method (slide and tube)
2 Albumin tube
3 Coomb’s test

95
Q

Detects the presence of expected antibodies

A

ABO system

96
Q

Detects the presence of unexpected antibodies

A

Antibody screening

97
Q

Unexpected antibodies

A

1 Immune alloantibodies
2 Pollen
3 Fungus
4 Bacteria

98
Q

Clinically significant antibodies known to cause transfusion reactions and HDN

A

1 Anti-A
2 Anti-B
3 IgG (react at 37 Celsius or in the antihuman globulin phase of the indirect antiglobulin test)

99
Q

Alloantibodies

A

Antibodies to an antigen which an individual lacks

100
Q

Autoantibodies

A

Antibodies to an antigen that a person has

101
Q

Antibody screening methods

A

1 Tube method
2 Column agglutination
3 Solid phase interference

102
Q

Tube method procedure

A

1 Add one drop of reagent to 2 drops of patient serum
2 Mixture is centrifuged and observed for agglutination or hemolysis at room temperature
3 Enhancement media is aded and the tubes are incubated at 37 Celsius
4 After incubation, antihuman globulin antisera is added and the tube is centrifuged and read
5 Agglutination and hemolysis mean antigen and its corresponding antibody are present
6 Antigram is consulted
7 Large panel of RBCs representing multiple donors can be tested with the recipient’s RBCs

103
Q

Used to determine preliminary identity in tube method of compatibility testing

104
Q

Listing of identified antigens present on the RBCs in each vial representing one donor

105
Q

Column agglutination procedure

A

1 Precisely measured volumes of screening reagent RBCs (0.8% suspension in LISS) and plasma are incubated at 37 Celsius in the reaction chamber above the column matrix
2 Following incubation, plastic cards are centrifuged under carefully controlled conditions
3 IgG-coated RBCs agglutinate as they come in contact with the AHG reagent in the matrix and are trapped
4 Unagglutinated RBCs pass through easily and are found as pellet at the bottom

106
Q

Principles of solid-phase interference

107
Q

Solid-phase interference procedure

A

1 Reagent RBCs are bound to the bottom of microplate wells. Serum and an enhancement reagent are added and incubated at 37 Celsius.
2 After washing to remove unbound serum globulins, indicator RBCs coated with AHG are added, and the plates are centrifuged
3 Interpret results

108
Q

Negative reaction in solid-phase interference

A

Discrete button on the bottom of the well

109
Q

Positive reaction in solid-phase interference

A

Antiglobulin coated indicator cells bind and cover the bottom surface of the well

Clinical Microscopy 2 (5 decks)

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