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Clinical Microscopy 2 > Blood Banking I > Flashcards

Blood Banking I Flashcards

0
Q

Fully described the circulation and properties of blood

A

William Harvey

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1
Q

King Louis XIV’s physician who transfused blood from a sheep

A

Jean-Baptiste Denys

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2
Q

Richard Lewisohn

A

Sodium citrate as an anticoagulant of blood

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3
Q

Discovered the first human blood groups

A

Karl Landsteiner

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4
Q

What is blood banking?

A

The process of collecting (donation), testing, processing, and storing blood for later use (transfusion)

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5
Q

Lead to establishment of blood banks

A

Discovery of sodium citrate as a blood anticoagulant

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6
Q

First recorded attempt of a blood transfusion

A

1942: Pope Innocent VIII

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8
Q

Discovered AB blood group

A

Alfred von Decastello

Adriano Sturli

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9
Q

Ethanol fractionation

A

Method of breaking down blood into its component parts to obtain albumin, gamma, globulin, and fibrinogen

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10
Q

Albert Hustin

A

Conducted the first non-direct transfusion using sodium citrate as an anticoagulant

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11
Q

Old term for AIDS

A

Gay-related Immunodeficiency Disease

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12
Q

First blood depot

A

Large amounts of Type O were collected, preserved, and used for wounded soldiers

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13
Q

Introduced plastic blood bag

A

Fenwal Co.

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14
Q

Charles Drew

A

Pioneer in plasma preservation and a major contributor to the advancement of blood banking in the US

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15
Q

Suggested cross-matching

A

Reuben Ottenberg

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16
Q

What is babesiosis?

A

Disease caused by a protozoan, spread by Ixodes scapularis ticks

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17
Q

American Association of Blood Banks

A

1 Organized to support and encourage continued blood research
2 Promote exchange of information
3 Develop standards of practice for blood banks

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18
Q

Other term for blood banking

A

Transfusion medicine

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19
Q

Developed ethanol fractionation

A

Edwin Cohn

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20
Q

Opened first true blood bank

A

Chicago’s Cook County Hospital

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21
Q

Preparation before donating blood

A

1 Have enough rest and sleep
2 No alcohol intake 24 hours prior to blood collection
3 No medications for at least 24 hours prior to blood collection
4 Have something to eat prior to blood donation
5 Drink plenty of fluids

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22
Q

Deferral time for pheresis

A

48 hours

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23
Q

RBCs are transfused back to the patient

A

Cell saver

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24
Q

Basic requirements

A

1 In good health
2 Between 16 to 65 years old (16 and 17 year olds need parents’ consent)
3 Weigh at least 110 pounds
4 Have a blood pressure between
Systolic: 90-160 mmHg
Diastolic: 60-100 mmHg
5 Pass the physical and health history assessments

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25
Q

Advantages of autologous donation

A

1 Blood that is positive for infectious agents and with irregular blood group antibodies are acceptable
2 Safer than allogeneic blood
3 No criteria for testing
4 No allergic reactions

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26
Q

Screening for blood donation

A

1 Medical history

2 Physical examination

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27
Q

Spread by Trypanosoma cruzi, triatomine bugs

A

Chagas’ disease

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28
Q

Reduces need for allogeneic blood transfusion

A

Cell saver

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29
Q

What to do after blood donation?

A

1 Drink plenty of fluids
2 Refrain from stooping down after blood donation
3 Refrain from strenuous activities
4 Avoid using the punctured arm in lifting heavy objects
5 Apply pressure on the punctured site and lift the arm in case the site is still bleeding
6 If there is discoloration and swelling on the punctured site, you may apply cold compress for 24 hours
7 If there is dizziness, lie down with your feet elevated and drink plenty of fluids

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30
Q

Amount of blood to be drawn

A

Allowable amount (mL) = (donor’s weight in pounds x 450 mL)/110 mL

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31
Q

Three methods of using patient’s blood

A

1 Hemodilution
2 Cell saver
3 Wound drainage

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32
Q

Discovered Rh group

A

Alexander Wiener

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33
Q

Steps in donating blood

A

1 Have your weight taken
2 Register and complete the donor registration form truthfully
3 Have your blood type and hemoglobin checked
4 A physician will conduct a blood donor examination
5 Actual donation (350 or 450 cc)
6 After donation: 5 to 10 minute rest and plenty of fluid intake

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34
Q

African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei, tsetse fly

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35
Q

History of heart disease, active pulmonary disease, cancer, leukemia, lymphoma

A

Deferred

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36
Q

Medical history

A

1 Donated blood
2 Antibiotics for acne are acceptable
3 History of heart disease, active pulmonary disease, cancer, leukemia, lymphoma
4 History of hepatitis after 11th birthday
5 History of babesios and Chagas’ disease
6 African sleeping sickness
7 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
8 Male having sex with men since 1977

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37
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

Separation and withdrawal of plasma

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38
Q

Temperature

A

Less than or equal to 37.5 Celsius

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39
Q

Poison ivy and other rashes

A

Acceptable

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40
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Greater than or equal to 12.5 g/dL

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41
Q

Blood from surgery is recovered, mixed with saline and anticoagulant, centrifuged, and washed

A

Cell saver

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42
Q

Blood is collected from cavities

A

Wound drainage

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43
Q

Pulse

A

50-100 BPM

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44
Q

Usual granulocytes harvested

A

1 Basophils
2 Eosinophils
3 Neutrophils

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45
Q

Destroys WBCs that cause TA-GvHD

A

Gamma irradiation

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46
Q

Previously collected higher hematocrit blood is transfused back to the patient after surgery

A

Hemodilution

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47
Q

General appearance

A

1 No cough
2 Not under the influence of drugs or alcohol
3 Normal skin color
4 No signs of skin infection, rash, enlarged lymph nodes

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48
Q

Blood is collected prior to surgery and replaced with plasma

A

Hemodilution

49
Q

Principle of centrifugation

A

Blood components are separated by centrifugal force due to their differences in densities

50
Q

Blood is for personal use

A

Autologous donation

51
Q

Deferral time for those who have donated blood

A

8 weeks/56 days

52
Q

Purpose of plateletpheresis

A

Avoidance of complications of thrombosis, bleeding, DIC, and formation of blood clots

53
Q

Used for screening for liver problems

A

ALT

54
Q

What is therapeutic apheresis?

A

Removal of blood components that are defective/abnormal and cause pathologic disease

55
Q

Kinds of hemapheresis

A

1 Plasmapheresis
2 Plateletpheresis
3 Leukapheresis

56
Q

Controls the movement of oxygen from red blood cells to body tissues

A

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate

57
Q

Affects the transfusion recipient’s bone marrow

A

TA-GvHD

58
Q

Removes thrombi and tissue fragments but not cytokines

A

Filter in wound drainage

59
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Deferred

60
Q

Blood is collected for a specific patient such as a family relative

A

Directed donation

61
Q

Recipients of plateletpheresis

A

Patients who have become HLA sensitized and require platelets from donors whose HLA type matches theirs

62
Q

Other term for Chagas’ disease

A

American Trypanosomiasis

63
Q

Blood lost during and immediately after surgery is collected and reinfused

A

Cell saver

64
Q

Leukapheresis

A

Separation and withdrawal of leukocytes

65
Q

Recipients of clotting factors

A

1 Hemophiliacs

2 Severe burn patients

66
Q

Examples of blood components removed by therapeutic apheresis

A

1 Over-reactive WBCs
2 Pathologic antibodies
3 Defective clotting factors

67
Q

Process of hemapheresis

A

1 Separated portions of interest are withdrawn and transfused to the patient
2 Remaining components are re-transfused to the donor

68
Q

Released into the blood when the liver and heart are damaged

A

Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

69
Q

Reduces circulating antibodies and immune complexes

A

Removal of plasma with saline solution

70
Q

Other term for triatomine bugs

A

Kissing bugs

71
Q

Recipients of granulocyte transfusions

A

1 Neonates with low immune system (septic neonates)
2 Patients with severe fungal infections or leukemia
3 Patients with defective hematopoietic stem cell progenitor cells

72
Q

Stem cell harvesting

A

Circulating bone marrow stem cells can be harvested for research on stem cell therapy and treatment

73
Q

Circulatory problems caused by excess blood proteins

A 
1 Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
2 Myasthenia gravis
3 Guillain-Barre syndrome
4 Hyperviscosity syndromes
5 Paraproteinemia
6 Cryoglobulinemia
7 Goodpasture's syndrome
74
Q

Complications of directed donation

A

1 Confidentiality
2 Not cost effective
3 Increased risk for transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
4 Alloimmunization of potential recipients of transplants
5 Increased risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn

75
Q

Reduces loss of RBCs during surgery

A

Hemodilution

76
Q

Associated with hematopoietic cell transplantation

A

HCT-associated GvHD

77
Q

Blood components from least dense to most dense

A

Plasma - Platelets - Lymphocytes - Monocytes - Granulocyte - RBCs

78
Q

Other term for SGPT

A

Alanine aminotransferase

79
Q

Vaccines that generally do not affect eligibility

A

Vaccines made from killed/inactivated/recombinant material

80
Q

Prevented clotting during transfusions by sewing veins and arteries of the donor and recipient together

A

Alexis Carrel

81
Q

Double red blood cells

A

16 weeks/112 days

82
Q

Causes a shift to the left of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve

A

Decreased levels of 2,3-DPG

83
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Inflammation triggered by chemicals released into the bloodstream

84
Q

Alloantigens

A

Antigens derived from a genetically dissimilar animal of the same species

86
Q

Other anticoagulants used for storage

A

Citrate phosphate double dextrose

88
Q

Plasma and platelets

A

2-3 weeks

89
Q

Where is iron found?

A

1 Hemoglobin
2 Myoglobin
3 Cytochrome

90
Q

Risk factors for developing TA-GvHD

A

1 Degree of recipient immunodeficiency
2 Number of viable T lymphocytes (affected by component age, level of leukodepletion, and irradiation status)
3 Genetic diversity in HLA expression between donor and recipient

93
Q

Abnormally high platelet counts

A

Myoproliferative disorders

94
Q

Vaccines that restrict use of some parts of donation for a short period of time

A

Vaccines made from live material

95
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

Condition where there is too much absorption or storage of iron

96
Q

Skin lesions on arms

A

Deferred

97
Q

Function of phosphate

A

Buffer

97
Q

Function of dextrose

A

Red cell energy source

98
Q

3 separate components supplied by a single donation of whole blood

A

1 Packed RBCs
2 Platelets
3 FFP

98
Q

Functions of adenine

A

1 Allows RBCs to resynthesize ATP

2 Extends storage tine from 21 to 35 days

99
Q

Plateletpheresis

A

Separation and withdrawal of platelets

100
Q

Physical examination

A 
1 General appearance
2 Weight
3 Temperature
4 Pulse
5 Blood Pressure
6 Hemoglobin
7 Skin lesions
101
Q

What is hemapheresis?

A

Process of removing blood constituents (may be normal or abnormal) from circulating blood via filtration or centrifugation

102
Q

Other term for hemapheresis

A

Apheresis

103
Q

Temperature requirements for storage

A

1 Whole blood and liquid RBCs (1-6 Celsius)

2 FFP and cryoprecipitate (</= -65 Celsius)

104
Q

Types of blood collection

A

1 Autologous donation

2 Directed donation

105
Q

Used to check hemoglobin level of a donor

A

Sample of blood taken from a finger prick

106
Q

Antibiotics for acne

A

Acceptable

108
Q

Packed red blood cells

A

70% of plasma removed via centrifugation

109
Q

Granulocyte storage

A

Transfuse within 24 hours

112
Q

Platelet storage

A

Room temperature (5 days)

113
Q

Other term for African sleeping sickness

A

African trypanosomiasis

113
Q

Function of citrate

A

Anticoagulant

115
Q

Fresh frozen plasma storage

A

Frozen (1 year)

117
Q

Washed units

A

Depleted of plasma and leukocytes

118
Q

James Blundell

A

Successfully transfused human blood to a patient who had hemorrhage during child birth

119
Q

Blood storage

A

1 EDTA
2 Heparin
3 Citrate phosphate dextrose or citrate phosphate dextrose adenine

120
Q

Antifreeze action

A

40% glycerol

121
Q

Cryoprecipitate AHF from FFP storage

A

Frozen (1 year)

122
Q

Types of RBC products

A

1 Whole blood
2 Packed RBCs
3 Frozen deglycerolized RBCs
Leukocytes with depleted RBCs

122
Q

Whole blood products

A

Whole blood - Platelet-rich plasma - Packed red blood cells - Fresh frozen plasma

125
Q

Advantages of cryopreserved blood

A

1 Maintains storage of Rh(-) blood
2 Provides plasma-free blood to persons with IgA deficiency
3 Usually given to persons who are difficult to cross-match due to multiple alloantibodies

134
Q

RBC storage

A 
1 Refrigerated (4 days)
2 Frozen (10 years)

Clinical Microscopy 2 (5 decks)

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