Leukocytes Flashcards
0
Q
Genesis of myelocytes
A
(Review)
1
Q
Concentration of basophils
A
0.4%
2
Q
Where a small portion of WBCs are found
A
Peripheral blood
3
Q
Concentration of lymphocytes
A
30%
4
Q
Other term for leukocytes
A
White blood cells
5
Q
Formed elements
A
Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
6
Q
Percentage of neutrophils
A
50-70%
7
Q
Where precursor cells are usually found
A
Bone marrow
8
Q
Granulocytes
A
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
9
Q
Percentage of basophils
A
0.5-1%
10
Q
Phagocytes
A
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte (macrophage)
11
Q
3 compartments/locations
A
Bone marrow
Peripheral blood
Tissues
12
Q
Concentration of monocytes
A
5.3%
13
Q
Percentage of eosinophils
A
2-4%
14
Q
Sixth type of leukocyte
A
Plasma cell
15
Q
Based on presence of granules in cytoplasm
A
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
16
Q
Percentage of lymphocytes
A
25-45%
17
Q
Percentage of monocytes
A
3-8%
18
Q
Based on function
A
Phagocytes
Immunocytes
19
Q
Where main function of WBCs ensues
A
Tissues
20
Q
Concentration of eosinophils
A
2.3%
21
Q
Functions of WBCs
A
1 Soldiers against infectious and toxic agents
2 Provide rapid and potent defense against any invader recognized as foreign
3 Play a role in innate and adaptive immunity
22
Q
Leukocyte classification
A
Presence of granules in cytoplasm
Number of nuclei
Function
23
Q
Based on number of nuclei
A
Polymorphonuclear
Mononuclear
24
Immunocytes
Lymphocytes (T dell, B cell, NK cell)
25
Mononuclear
Monocyte
| Lymphocyte
26
Polymorphonuclear
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
27
Stain used in WBC identification
Wright's stain
28
Other term for primary granules
Azurophilic
29
Concentration of neutrophils
62%
30
Cytoplasmic characteristics
1 Color of the background
2 Presence or absence of granules
3 Color and size of granules
31
CBC measurements
WBC in thousands/mm3
| Differential leukocyte count
32
Example of a leukocyte with high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio
Lymphocyte
33
Produce antibody and act in activities of the immune response
Immunocytes
34
Engulf and destroy
Phagocytes
35
Formed in thymus and other lymph tissues
Lymphocytes
| Plasma cells
36
Non-granulocytes
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Plasma cell
37
Leukocyte formation figure
(Review)
38
Routine method for identification of WBCs
Peripheral blood smear
39
Minimal affinity for acidic or basic dyes
Neutrophils
40
Reaction with methylene blue
Basophil
41
Nuclear characteristics
1 Shape
2 Color
3 Chromatin pattern
4 Presence or absence of nucleoli
42
Neutrophils move through tissue spaces by
Amoeboid motion
43
Indicates if leukocyte is mature or not
Nucleoli
44
Come from a common myeloid progenitor cell that is also the precursor of RBCs and platelets
Granulocytes
45
Life of granulocytes after release from bone marrow
4-8 hours
46
Macrophages destroy them after they have served their purpose
Granulocytes
47
Low nucleus-cytoplasm ratio interpretation
Nucleus is small in relation to the volume of the cytoplasm
48
Degrades glycopeptides and carbohydrate cell walls of bacteria
Lysozyme
49
Nucleus has 2 to 5 lobes joined by a solid filament
Neutrophil
50
Reaction with eosin
Eosinophil
51
Criteria for leukocyte identification
1 Cell size
2 Nucleus-Cytoplasm Ratio
3 Cytoplasmic characteristics
4 Nuclear characteristics
52
Neutrophil forms released in the bloodstream
Band cell
| Segmented neutrophil
53
T or F. Neutrophils take one week to mature before they are released from the bone marrow.
T
54
Aid in killing bacteria
Granules
55
Granule content of basophils
```
1 Histamine
2 Sulphated mucopolysaccharides (mostly chondroitin sulfate; to digest bacterial cell wall)
3 Peroxidase
4 Chymase
5 Tryptase
6 Charcot-leyden crystal protein
7 Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
8 Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)
```
56
Toxic forms of oxygen in lysosomes
Peroxidase
| Superoxides
57
Contents of primary granules
```
1 Myeloperoxidase
2 Proteases (Elastase and Cathepsin G)
3 Lysozyme
4 Inactive forms of acid hydrolases
5 Bactericidal cationic protein
```
58
Neutrophils enter tissue spaces by
Diapedesis
59
Formed in bone marrow
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Few lymphocytes
60
Life of granulocytes in tissues
A couple of days
61
Function of neutrophils
Mediate immune response against infectious agents and organisms by attacking and destroying bacteria in the circulating blood
62
Neutrophils engulf offending agents by
Phagocytosis
63
Characteristics of a segmented neutrophil nucleus
1 2-5 lobes
2 Connected by a filament
3 Condensed nuclear chromatin
4 Pale cytoplasm with specific granules
64
Examples of leukocytes with low nucleus-cytoplasm ratio
Mature monocytes
| Neutrophils
65
Contents of secondary granules
1 Lactoferrin
2 Lysozyme
3 Collagenases
4 Vitamin B12 binding proteins
66
High nucleus-cytoplasm ratio interpretation
Nucleus occupies most of the cell area with only a small rim of cytoplasm
67
Produce numerous regulatory cytokines
Eosinophils
68
Responsible for killing phagocytosed bacteria
Myeloperoxidase
69
Contents of quaternary granules
Secretory vesicles
70
Lymphocyte functions
1 Play a major role in the maintenance of health
| 2 Antigen recognition and generation of appropriate immune response
71
What will happen if continuous neutrophil production stops?
Death by sepsis
72
Presence of few primary granules and abundant secondary granules
Band
73
May contain Auer rods
Myeloblast
74
First post-mitotic myeloid precursor
Metamyelocyte
75
Neutrophils are attracted to inflamed areas by
Chemotaxis
76
Presence of rare primary and many secondary granules
Metamyelocyte
77
Cell-mediated immune response
T/NK cells
78
Life span of neutrophils in peripheral blood
7 hours
79
Seen in times of stress
Metamyelocyte
80
Granules formed in myelocytes
Secondary
81
Life span of neutrophils in the bone marrow
2-3 days (mitotic)
| 5-7 days (maturation and storage)
82
Part of the innate immune system which replenishes macrophages and dendritic cells and moves quickly to the site of infection (8-12 hours)
Monocyte
83
Contents of tertiary granules
1 Gelatinase
| 2 Alkaline phosphatase
84
Equation if all 9 squares are counted
Cells per mcL = # of cells counted x dilution/9 x 0.1
85
Start of maturation and storage
Metamyelocyte
86
Closely resembles the function of granulocyte
Monocyte
87
Fewer and smaller nuclear folding and cytoplasmic granules than neutrophils
Monocytes
88
Factors that drive neutrophil maturation
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
89
Movement of neutrophils
Amoeboid motion (pseudopodium)
90
T or F. Promyelocyte is confined to the bone marrow unlike myelocyte
F. Both are confined to the bone marrow
91
Scan basophilic cytoplasm without perinuclear halo
Myeloblast
92
Neutrophils attached to endothelium of blood vessels
Marginal neutrophils
93
Mature eosinophil
Refractive orange specific granules
94
Significant proportion of eosinophils are stored in the
spleen
95
Dependent in passing from bone marrow to peripheral blood and tissues
Cell life
96
Direct precursor of blood monocyte
Promonocyte
97
Circulating neutrophils
Free
98
Survive in tissues longer than neutrophils
Eosinophils
99
Seen in pathologic states in the blood
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
100
Characteristics of neutrophil maturation
1 Decreasing N/C ratio
2 Increasing production of granules
3 Increasing nuclear segmentation
101
With paranuclear halo
Promyelocyte
102
Formed during blood film
Smudge cells
| Basket cells
104
Life span if neutrophils in tissues based on in vitro observation of tissue culture
2-3 days
104
Location of eosinophils
Skin and mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
105
Most immature cells in the bone marrow
Myeloblast
106
Other term for secondary granules
Specific
107
Granules formed in promyelocytes
Primary
108
Rules for counting
1 Count cells on the upper or left line
2 Do not count cells on the bottom or right line
3 Each side should be counted and the average of the 2 should be taken
109
More condensed nuclear chromatin =
More mature
110
Predominant WBC
Segmented neutrophil
111
Nucleus has many shapes twisted/folded on itself
Band
112
Precursor of most macrophages including dendritic cells
Monocytes
113
Neutrophil forms in the bone marrow (5-7 days)
Metamyelocytes
Band forms
Segmented neutrophils
114
Characteristics of monoblast cytoplasm
1 Coarse
2 May show pseudopod formation
3 Vacuoles
115
First recognizable eosinophil
Promonocyte
116
Factors thought to play a role in basophil production
```
1 IL3
2 GM-CSF
3 IL4
4 IL5
5 Stem cell factor (SCF)
6 T cells
```
117
Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of lymphocytes
1,000-3,000
| 20-40%
118
Similar to large tissue mast cells
Basophils
119
Induces eosinophil formation, function, and prolonged survival
IL5 growth factor
120
Basophils are increased in blood during
```
1 Myeloproliferative neoplasms (leukemia)
2 Hypersensitivity reactions
3 Hypothyroidism
4 Iron deficiency
5 Renal disease
```
121
Functions of basophils
1 Mediate allergic or hypersensitivity reactions (Type I)
2 Have some phagocytic activity
3 Have a role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions
4 Have a role in delayed type hypersensitivity reactions
5 Have a role in host defense against helminths
123
Primary and secondary granules are present
Myelocyte
124
Activate macrophages
T cells
125
Seen in atopic persons
Increased number of basophil progenitor cells
125
Main cytokine in basophil production
IL3
126
Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of basophils
20-100
| <1-2%
127
Most important WBC
Lymphocyte
128
When are necrotic cells seen?
Prolonged exposure to EDTA
| Chemotherapy
129
Largest type of WBC in terms of size
Monocyte
130
Where does terminal differentiation of mature lymphocytes occur?
Secondary lymphoid organs (mucocutaneous lymph tissues, spleen, lymph nodes)
131
Life span of neutrophils
9-10 days
134
Predominant non-granulocyte cells
Lymphocytes
134
Equation if 4 squares are used
Cells per mcL = # of cells counter x dilution/4 x 0.1
135
Primary cytokine linked to specific eosinophil and basophil production
IL5
135
Functions of eosinophils
1 Role in response to parasitic infections and allergic conditions
2 Phagocytosis
3 Respond to chemotactic factors
4 Damage larval stages of parasitic helminths
135
Nuclear remnants of lymphocytes
Smudge cells
137
Neutrophil forms in the bone marrow (2-3 days)
Myeloblast
Promyelocytes
Myelocytes
138
Found in some leukemias
Basket cells
139
Immature eosinophil
Large blue granules
140
Progenitor of eosinophils
CFU-GM
141
What does WBC reflect?
Circulating pool of myeloid and lymphoid cells
142
Largest of leukocytes
Monocyte
143
Functions of monocytes
1 Produce macrophages
| 2 Phagocytosis
144
Chemotactic factors that attract monocytes
1 Ag-Ab complexes
2 Complement components (C3a and C5a)
3 Factors released by activated T lynphocytes
145
Recognize and lyse tumor cells and virus-infected cells
NK cells
146
Released by activated macrophages
1 Substances for inflammatory response
2 Complement system
3 Pyrogens
147
Its presence in PBS indicates lymphoma
Lymphoblast
147
Absolute number =
Percentage of each type of WBC x total WBC
148
Differentiate into plasma cells
B cells
148
Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of neutrophils
2,000-7,000
| 40-80%
150
Nuclear remnant of granulocytic cells with net-like chromatin
Basket cells
150
Abnormal conditions: nucleated RBCs
1 Hemolytic anemia
2 Leukemia
3 Myeloproliferative disorders
151
Kidney-shaped or U-shaped
Monocyte
153
Enhance effect of phagocytosis
Bacteriolytic enzyme
156
Helpful in identifying monocytes
Non-specific esterases
156
Abnormal conditions: phagocytic cells
1 Overwhelming septicemia
2 Bacterial and fungal infections
3 Erythrophagocytosis
4 Severe infections
157
Abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic anemia
Smudge cells
158
Humoral immune response
Mature B cells
158
Granulocytic cells with pyknotic nuclei and agranular cytoplasm
Nectrotic cells
159
Where monocytes differentiate into macrophages
Tissues
159
Collection tube
EDTA with potassium salt additive as anti-coagulant
160
When is hemocytometer used?
1 Automated cell counters and hematology analyzers are unavailable
2 Blood cell counts are extremely low
3 To get cell count for body fluids (spinal fluid, joint fluid, semen counts, etc)
160
Sometimes called basket cells
Smudge cells
161
Round or oval nuclei with clefts
Myeloblast
161
Neutrophil that has engulfed foreign substances
Phagocytic cells
162
Characterized by its ability to be stained by basic dyes
Basophil
162
Made of heavy glass with 2 counting areas
Glass hemocytometers
163
Activate basophils to release histamine in delayed type hypersensitivity reactions
T cells
165
Antigen presenting cells
Activated macrophages
167
Abnormal conditions: megakaryocyte fragments
1 Aberrant platelet production
2 Myelofibrosis
3 Essential thrombocythemia
169
Has potential antineoplastic effect
Bacteriolytic enzyme
171
Materials of a hemocytometer
Neubauer's slide
Cover slip
RBC pipette
WBC pipette
172
Nude nuclei
Megakaryocyte fragments
173
Regulatory and effector functions
T cells
174
Nucleus of monoblasts
1 Round/oval nuclei with fine chromatin
2 1-4 large prominent nucleoli
3 May show indentations or folding
177
Explain: Lymphocytes are not obligate end cells
During maturation, lymphocytes continuously supply the body with incompletely differentiated cells
178
The area used for counting more than a few cells
4 outer squares
178
Few may be found in normal condition
Smudge cells
| Basket cells
179
Contaminant of venipuncture
Endothelial cells
180
Contents of granules of eosinophils
```
Lysosomal enzymes
1 acid phosphatase
2 beta-glucoronidase
3 lysozyme
4 lipase
5 peroxidase
6 non-specific esterases
```
181
Provides relative % of each type of WBC
WBC Differential Count
182
Advantages of absolute count
1 Gives more meaningful information
2 Useful for monitoring
3 Abnormal conditions can be identified
183
The area used for counting a few cells
Entire chamber
184
Total WBC count =
4,500-10,000/mcL
185
Difference between automated and manual differential blood counts
(Review)
186
Indicates bacterial type of infection
Neutrophil
187
Indicates viral type of infection
Lymphocyte
191
Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of monocytes
200-1,000
| 2-10%
192
Shift to the left indicates
1 infection
| 2 exercise or stress
193
Used to diagnose blood disorders
Monocytes
195
Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of eosinophils
20-500
| 1-6%
202
Found in newborns in normal condition
Megakaryocyte fragments
| Nucleated RBCs
204
Aids in the diagnosis of disease
Interpretation of differential count (together with CBC)
205
Specimen
Whole blood
208
Structureless chromatin
Smudge cell
