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CD tech > urinalysis > Flashcards

urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

polyuria and polydypsia

A

increases urine production, increased thirst

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2
Q

pollakuria

A

increased frequency of unrine, usually in small amount

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3
Q

stranguria

A

difficulty urinating

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4
Q

oliguria

A

decreased urine production

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5
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

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6
Q

haematuria

A

blood in urine

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7
Q

what are the four different urine sample methods

A

-cystocentesis
-catheterization
-expressing the bladder
-natural voiding of the urine

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8
Q

gross examination of urine

A

-colour (yellow)
-turbidity (clear)
-odour

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9
Q

what is urine specific gravity (usg)

A

USG is the weight (density) of a quantity of urine as compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water
Number and molecular weight of dissolved solutes determine the USG

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10
Q

what is the idea usg for cats and dogs

A

dog: > 1.030
cat: > 1.035

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11
Q

What is the isothenuria level

A

1.008- 1.012

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12
Q

What are the specific and reliable results for the dipstick test

A

Protein, glucose, ketones,ph, blood, leukocytes (must confirm aka do another test)

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13
Q

what are we doing for under the microscope when performing urine sediment examinations

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, microorganisms, epithelial Cells, casts, crystals, and debris

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14
Q

What are the different epithelial cells

A

Squamous, transitional and renal

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15
Q

What are urinary casts

A

They are made up of WBC, RBC, epithelial cells, protein or fat.

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16
Q

What are the different urinary crystals

A

-struvites (pyramidal shape grows in alkaline and slightly acidic urine)
-calcium oxalate (acidic/ neutral urine)
-Uris acid crystals (Dalmatian’s)
- calcium carbonate crystals (Guinea pig)
- ammonium biurate crystals

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17
Q

when and how do we use natural voiding of the bladder for urine collection

A

when: -simple
-not suitable for urine cultures due to higher contaminants
how: -wash the vulva or prepuce before collection
-collect midstream

18
Q

when and how do we do manual expression of the bladder for urine collection

A

when: -collected in small animals
-not suitable for bacterial culture
how: external genetalia should be clean before bladder expression
-with the animal standing or in lateral recumbency, the bladder is palpated and gently gripping the caudal abdomen
-gentle steady pressure is applied (To not injure or rupture the bladder)
-

19
Q

when and how is urine catherization used

A

when: may be used for bacteriology
how: perfromed by inserting the appropriate sized catheter in the urethra up to the level of the bladder
-may or may not require sedation
-performed by vet
take note: multiple catherization can result in the scarring of the urethra- leading to partial or total obstruction

20
Q

when and how is cystocentesis method used

A

when: collect sterile urine samples from dogs and cats ( only when bladder is distended sufficiently)
-provides the best sample for bacteriology
-allows urine to be collected from patients with urethral obstruction
- used to drain urine in an onstructive emmergencies
how: insersion of a needle through the abdominal wall and into the bladder to collect urine sample

21
Q

when is cystocentesis and catheterisation medthod used

A

preferred method.porvides optimum samples for all aspects of urinalysis by avoiding contaminants from distal genetial tract and external areas

22
Q

when is expressing the bladder, natural voiding od the urine used

A

easier but urine collected may be of limited diagnostic value

23
Q

when is the preffered time to cllect urine

A

first morning samples as they are more concentrated which increases the chances of finding abnormalities

24
Q

what does colourless urine mean

A

low usg, isothenuria

25
Q

what does dark yellow- green urine mean

A

high usg

26
Q

what does yellow-brown or green mean

A

possible liver disease

27
Q

what does reddish brown, red urine mean

A

blood (heamaturia)

28
Q

what does brown urine mean

A

muscle lysis (myoglobinuria)

29
Q

what does opaque urine mean

A

crystals, mucous or fat

30
Q

what does ammonia smell urine mean

A

could indicate infection (bac)

31
Q

what does sweet and fruity urine mean

A

ketones

32
Q

what does a complete urinalysis consists of

A

dipstick test
usg
urine microscopy

33
Q

what tool is used to measure USG

A

refractormter

34
Q

how to use refractometer (fyi)

A

place a few drops of urine on the prism (the window) close the cover, psotion device under light, read

35
Q

common abnormalities found when using urine dipstick test

A

-heamaturia
-glucosuria
-ketonuria
-high pH (possible UTI)
-leukocytes (UTI, inflammation)

36
Q

how is urine microscopy test performed

A

centrifuge urine sample, pour off supernantant collect sedimentt, place on glass slide, view under microscope

37
Q

what does it mean when there is erythrocyte found in the urine sediment examination

A

-bleeding somewhere in the urogential tract
-proestrus, estrus or after parturition
-onflammatory condition in genital system
-traumatic collection via cystocentesis/ urine catheterisation

38
Q

what does it mean when there is leukocytes found in urine sedimentation exam

A

-inflammation/ infection

39
Q

what does it mean when there is epithelial cells found in urine sediment examination

A

-squamous epithelial cells: normal in urine samples collected my catherterisation, cystocentesis
transitional expithelial cells: high amounts could indicate cystitis, pyelonephritis 9UTI)
renal epithelial cells: increased number-> disease of the kidney

40
Q

what does it mean when there is microorganisms found in urine sediment examination

A

normal urine is free of bac
-bac could be there because of contamination (natual voiding of the bladder, expressing the bladder) bac is on the epthelium of the vagina, vulva,prepuce
larger bumber of bac with large number of leukocytes-> infection and inflammation of urinary tract/ genetial tract

CD tech (9 decks)

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