urinalysis

Question 1

polyuria and polydypsia

Answer 1

increases urine production, increased thirst

Question 2

pollakuria

Answer 2

increased frequency of unrine, usually in small amount

Question 3

stranguria

Answer 3

difficulty urinating

Question 4

oliguria

Answer 4

decreased urine production

Question 5

dysuria

Answer 5

painful urination

Question 6

haematuria

Answer 6

blood in urine

Question 7

what are the four different urine sample methods

Answer 7

-cystocentesis
-catheterization
-expressing the bladder
-natural voiding of the urine

Question 8

gross examination of urine

Answer 8

-colour (yellow)
-turbidity (clear)
-odour (ammonia)

Question 9

what is urine specific gravity (usg)

Answer 9

USG is the weight (density) of a quantity of urine as compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water
Number and molecular weight of dissolved solutes determine the USG

Question 10

what is the idea usg for cats and dogs

Answer 10

dog: > 1.030
cat: > 1.035

Question 11

What is the isothenuria level

Answer 11

1.008- 1.035

Question 12

What are the specific and reliable results for the dipstick test

Answer 12

Protein, glucose, ketones,ph, blood, leukocytes (must confirm aka do another test)

Question 13

What are the different things that can be seen in the urine sediment examination

Answer 13

erythrocytes, leukocytes, microorganisms, epithelial Cells, casts, crystals, and debris

Question 14

What are the different epithelial cells

Answer 14

Squamous, transitional and renal

Question 15

What are urinary casts

Answer 15

They are made up of WBC, RBC, epithelial cells, protein or fat.

Question 16

What are the different urinary crystals

Answer 16

-struvites (pyramidal shape grows in alkaline and slightly acidic urine)
-calcium oxalate (acidic/ neutral urine)
-Uris acid crystals (Dalmatian’s)
- calcium carbonate crystals (Guinea pig)
- ammonium biurate crystals

Question 17

when and how do we use natural voiding of the bladder for urine collection

Answer 17

when: -simple
-not suitable for urine cultures due to higher contaminants
how: -wash the vulva or prepuce before collection
-collect midstream

Question 18

when and how do we do manual expression of the bladder for urine collection

Answer 18

when: -collected in small animals
-not suitable for bacterial culture
how: external genetalia should be clean before bladder expression
-with the animal standing or in lateral recumbency, the bladder is palpated and gently gripping the caudal abdomen
-gentle steady pressure is applied (To not injure or rupture the bladder)
-

Question 19

when and how is urine catherization used

Answer 19

when: may be used for bacteriology
how: perfromed by inserting the appropriate sized catheter in the urethra up to the level of the bladder
-may or may not require sedation
-performed by vet
take note: multiple catherization can result in the scarring of the urethra- leading to partial or total obstruction

Question 20

when and how is cystocentesis method used

Answer 20

when: collect sterile urine samples from dogs and cats ( only when bladder is distended sufficiently)
-provides the best sample for bacteriology
-allows urine to be collected from patients with urethral obstruction
- used to drain urine in an onstructive emmergencies
how: insersion of a needle through the abdominal wall and into the bladder to collect urine sample