urinalysis Flashcards
polyuria and polydypsia
increases urine production, increased thirst
pollakuria
increased frequency of unrine, usually in small amount
stranguria
difficulty urinating
oliguria
decreased urine production
dysuria
painful urination
haematuria
blood in urine
what are the four different urine sample methods
-cystocentesis
-catheterization
-expressing the bladder
-natural voiding of the urine
gross examination of urine
-colour (yellow)
-turbidity (clear)
-odour
what is urine specific gravity (usg)
USG is the weight (density) of a quantity of urine as compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water
Number and molecular weight of dissolved solutes determine the USG
what is the idea usg for cats and dogs
dog: > 1.030
cat: > 1.035
What is the isothenuria level
1.008- 1.012
What are the specific and reliable results for the dipstick test
Protein, glucose, ketones,ph, blood, leukocytes (must confirm aka do another test)
what are we doing for under the microscope when performing urine sediment examinations
erythrocytes, leukocytes, microorganisms, epithelial Cells, casts, crystals, and debris
What are the different epithelial cells
Squamous, transitional and renal
What are urinary casts
They are made up of WBC, RBC, epithelial cells, protein or fat.
What are the different urinary crystals
-struvites (pyramidal shape grows in alkaline and slightly acidic urine)
-calcium oxalate (acidic/ neutral urine)
-Uris acid crystals (Dalmatian’s)
- calcium carbonate crystals (Guinea pig)
- ammonium biurate crystals
when and how do we use natural voiding of the bladder for urine collection
when: -simple
-not suitable for urine cultures due to higher contaminants
how: -wash the vulva or prepuce before collection
-collect midstream
when and how do we do manual expression of the bladder for urine collection
when: -collected in small animals
-not suitable for bacterial culture
how: external genetalia should be clean before bladder expression
-with the animal standing or in lateral recumbency, the bladder is palpated and gently gripping the caudal abdomen
-gentle steady pressure is applied (To not injure or rupture the bladder)
-
when and how is urine catherization used
when: may be used for bacteriology
how: perfromed by inserting the appropriate sized catheter in the urethra up to the level of the bladder
-may or may not require sedation
-performed by vet
take note: multiple catherization can result in the scarring of the urethra- leading to partial or total obstruction
when and how is cystocentesis method used
when: collect sterile urine samples from dogs and cats ( only when bladder is distended sufficiently)
-provides the best sample for bacteriology
-allows urine to be collected from patients with urethral obstruction
- used to drain urine in an onstructive emmergencies
how: insersion of a needle through the abdominal wall and into the bladder to collect urine sample
when is cystocentesis and catheterisation medthod used
preferred method.porvides optimum samples for all aspects of urinalysis by avoiding contaminants from distal genetial tract and external areas
when is expressing the bladder, natural voiding od the urine used
easier but urine collected may be of limited diagnostic value
when is the preffered time to cllect urine
first morning samples as they are more concentrated which increases the chances of finding abnormalities
what does colourless urine mean
low usg, isothenuria
