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CD tech > blood preservation > Flashcards

blood preservation Flashcards

1
Q

how to choose the right blood tube

A

-what test to perform
-which blood compartment is the substrate in (eg virus in plasma)
-how fast does this substrate metabolise (wg glucose: oxidative fermentation by bac)

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2
Q

what ions are rewuired for clotting

A

calcium ions

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3
Q

tell me about EDTA (purple) tube

A

EDTA coated on walls (stops calcium ions from forming clots)
purpose: anticoagulant of choice for CBC and blood smears
can sometimes cause platelet clumping (gets activated)

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4
Q

heparin tube (green)

A

contains lithium heparin that binds to enzyme inhibitor antithrombin and activates it-> AT will inactive thrombin-> no clotting
-used for biochemistry tests (organ functions)

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5
Q

citrate tube (blue)

A

contains sodium citrate
used for: coagulation tests (stops blood from clotthing, can test for enzymes invloved in blood clotting process)
-anti-coaggulant in blood transfusion bags

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6
Q

plain tube (red)

A

-no additive
-allows blood to clot ( 4-8 mins)
-ill be spun down to collect serum

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7
Q

serum seperated tube (yellow top)

A

-allows blood to clot
contains a gel that seperates solid and liquid components of blood when centrifuges (sperste cltted blood to obtain serum)
-better than red tube because ensure no blood cells are accidentally collected when collecting serum)

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8
Q

storage of sample before processing

A

-analyse within 3 hrs
if not refrigerate at 4 degrees to minimise hemolysis (RBC get destroyed) and degenerative changes

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9
Q

what is anemia

A

-decrease in RBC number
-decrease i haemoglobin concentration

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10
Q

what are the cuases of anemia

A

-inadaquate production of RBC (bone marrow disease- RBC produced in bone marrow)
-excess loss of RBC (bleeding)
-excessive destruction of RBC (hemolyic anemia)

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11
Q

what happens during erythropoiesis (RBC life cycle)

A

-cells become smaller
-nuclei become smaller and eventually disappear
-cytoplasm changes colour from blue to orange (rna lost, haemoglobin formed)

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12
Q

what are baby RBC know ass

A

reticulocytes

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13
Q

tell me about how reticulocytes look like

A

-no nucleus
-tend to appear more basophillic and larger than adult RBC
-contains RNA (causes blue colour)

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14
Q

what does it mean when reticulocytes appea on blood smear

A

reticulocytes are a hallmark of an erythrocyte (adult RBC) regenreative response (means they are trying to produce more RBC)
sign of regenativr anemia ( body is responding to the anemia by producing more RBC)
they take 24 hrs to mature once in ciculation, is not as effective as erythrocytes

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15
Q

what are macrocytes

A

-large immature RBC )eg reticulocytes and everything else before that
-seen in regenetive anemia

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16
Q

what are microcytes

A

small erythrocyes (old and tired, grandpa rbcs)
-seen in iron- defficient anemia

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17
Q

what does anisocytosis

A

(aniso= variation)
variation in size of erythrocytes (presence of both macrocytes and microcytes among normocytes)

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18
Q

what are spherocytes

A

small dark microcytes that lack centre pallar (no biconcave shape, ball shaped)
Associated with immune-mediated anemias

19
Q

what are polychromasia (chrom=colour)

A

blue-grey erythrocytes
- young erythrocytes, usually macrocytes
bluish because of residual RNA

20
Q

what is hypochromia

A

decreased cytoplasmic staining intensity and increased central pallor of erythrocyte (dye to insufficient haemoglobin in RBC) less haem less red hence red colour (usually due to iron deficiency)

21
Q

what is agglutination meaning

A

clumping of RBC

22
Q

what is rouleaux formation

A

spontaneous association of RBC in linear stack (stackin of RBC) normal in cats

23
Q

what does quantitative examination for CBC cosist of

A

number, size and type of cells
haemocytometer (manual)
haematological analysers (automatic)

23
Q

what sample is required for a CBC

A

-whole blood
EDTA tube (lilac(
-amount of blood needed is dependent on tube

24
Q

what is packed cell volume/ haemocrit (PVC/ Hct)

A

% of total cellular consistuent in a unit of whole blood (percentage of blood cell from entire sample)

25
Q

what is the normal reference ranfe of Hct in dogs and cats

A

35%

26
Q

what does low PVC/HCT indicate

A

anemia

27
Q

how to measure PCV

A
  • haematocrit reader (manual) (fill haematocrit tube -> centrifuge->and read value against table)
    -haematology machine (automatic)
28
Q

how to do red blood cell count

A

haemocytometer (manual)
total cell count in 4W squares X 2500 X dilution factor
large degre of errors
haematology machine (automated)
preferrred

29
Q

what are the factors that affect PCV, HCT and RBC

A

-hydration: overhydration-> diluting effect eg excessive IV fluid administration
dehydration-> less % plasma in vlume-> increase % of PVC (haemoconcntration)
water affects plasma and hence percentage
-number of RBC
less than normal (anemia) -> decrease in RBC and HCT
more than normal range-> polycythemia (more RBC) -> increase in RBC and HCT

30
Q

what is RBC distribution width ( RDW)

A

describes the variability of RBC size
(anemia with significant microcytosis and macrocytosis will have increase RDW) more funny sizes more RDW
Its an index of the degree of anisocytosis

31
Q

what is mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

-average size of RBC
-macrocytes-> increased RCV (reticulocytes)
-microcytes -> decreased MCV ( immature cells, iron deficiency: extra cell division occurs before critical cytoplasmic haemoglobin concentration is reached_> smaller RBC)
amount of haemoglobin reflects of size of RBC

32
Q

what is mean corpuscular haemoglobin (McH)

A

mean weight of haemogloin for the average RBC

33
Q

what is mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

mean concentration of haemoglobin for the average RBC
MCHC value affects overall colour of RBC on smear ( haemogloin give RBC its colour)
Normochromia : normal concentration
Hyperchromia (Increased MCHC) is usually a result of hemolysis. (RBC release content, release redness aka haemoglobin)
Hypochromia (Decreased MCHC)
Polychromasia is seen with reticulocytosis (because reticulocytes don’t have their full component of Hb) and also with iron deficiency. (reticulycytes with normal RBC)

34
Q

how to classify anemia

A

according to erythrocyte indices
according to causes
response of bone marrow

35
Q

classifying anemia according to erythrocyte indices

A

Normocytic- normal RBC maturation
Macrocytic- young RBC or defective maturation
Microcytic- small RBC (iron deficiency)

Normochromic- Hb synthesis normal
Hypochromic- incomplete or defective Hb synthesis
Hyperchromic- volume of normal RBC decrease (more other types of RBC eg spherocytes)

36
Q

classification of anemia according to cause

A

Lack of production
Nutritional (eg. iron deficiency anaemia)
Bone marrow disease
Blood loss anaemia
Haemorrhage externally or internally
Hemolytic anaemia
Within blood vessels
By macrophages in organ

37
Q

classification of anemia according to bone marrow response

A

regenerative anemia : bone marrow is trying to increase production of erythrocytes
non- regenerative anemia (no reticulocytes)
based on presence of reticulocytes (most reliable indicator of erythorpoiesis)

38
Q

hallmarks of regenrative resonose to anemia

A

Regenerative response
Reticulocytosis with anisocytosis and increased RDW
Polychromasia
Macrocytosis and Hypochromia associated with reticulocytosis.

Egs. Hemolysis, Blood loss, Regeneration after non-regenerative anaemia has resolved.

39
Q

what info does bloos smear give up

A

qualitative
morphology and presence of intracellular parasites can be setermined

40
Q

what info can CBC give us

A

The number and size of RBCs can be determined from numerical hematology indices (ie. PCV, RBC, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC

41
Q

describe what the blood smear slide looks like/should have

A

label: name plus surname of patient
blood smear
inital of who did the sear
date of smear
-application point
-body
-monolayer
-feathered edge

42
Q

what does eosinophillic and basophillic mean

A

eosinophilic: pink
basophilic: blue

43
Q

What is hallmark of non regenerative response to anemia

A

No reticulocytes
Eg. Anemia of chronic disease, renal failure, iron deficiency anemia

CD tech (9 decks)

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