Ureter an Bladder Function

Question 1

Where is the longitudinal layer and circular layer of muscle found in the ureter respectively?

Answer 1

Inner layer

Outer layer

Question 2

What causes the peristaltic movements in the ureter?

Answer 2

Interstitial cells of Cajal

Question 3

Grade I:

Answer 3

Reflux in ureter only

Question 4

Grade II:

Answer 4

Reflux in ureter and renal pelvis w/o distention

Question 5

Grade III:

Answer 5

Reflux into ureter and renal pelvis causing very mild hydronephrosis

Question 6

Grade IV:

Answer 6

Reflux causing moderate hydronephrosis

Question 7

Grade V:

Answer 7

Reflux causing severe hydronephrosis and twisting of ureter

Question 8

What is found on top of the transitional epithelial umbrella cells?

Answer 8

A glycosaminoglycan layer (for protection)

Question 9

Three muscles and their types in the bladder?

Answer 9

Detrusor: smooth muscle
Internal urethral sphincter: smooth muscle
External urethral sphincter: skeletal muscle

Question 10

What does the SNS innervate?

Answer 10

Internal sphincter/detrusor/trigone: stimulates alpha to cause contraction and beta receptors in the bladder to cause detrusor relaxation

Question 11

What does the somatic nervous system do?

Answer 11

Causes voluntary contraction of external sphincter to not urinate

Question 12

What does PSNS do?

Answer 12

Innervates detrusor to contract to urinate

Question 13

Where do sympathetic come from?

Answer 13

Hypogastric nerves

Question 14

Where do PSNS come from?

Answer 14

Pudendal

Question 15

Internal signaling of beta receptors?

Answer 15

cAMP to inhibit contraction

Question 16

Internal signaling of alpha receptors?

Answer 16

IP3 to release Ca2+ causing contraction