Pharmacology of Antiviral Drugs

Question 1

What are the viral cell attachment inhibitors?

Answer 1

Palivizumab
Maraviroc
Enfuvirtide
Docosanol

Question 2

What are the viral Penetration inhibitors?

Answer 2

Interferons

Question 3

What are the viral nucleic acid uncoating inhibitors?

Answer 3

Amantadine

Rimantadine

Question 4

What are the 3 groups of transcription inhibitors?

Answer 4

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Non-nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

Question 5

What are the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

Answer 5

Zidovudine

Question 6

What are the non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

Answer 6

Efavirenz

Question 7

What are the viral DNA polymerase inhibitors?

Answer 7

Ganciclovir

Acyclovir

Question 8

What are the protease inhibitors?

Answer 8

Saquinavir

Question 9

What are the viral release inhibitors?

Answer 9

Oseltamivir

Zanamivir

Question 10

What is Enfuvirtide specific for?

Answer 10

HIV-1

Question 11

How is Enfuvirtide metabolized?

Answer 11

Proteolytic hydrolysis

Question 12

What is Enfuvirtide saved for?

Answer 12

Salvage therapy in HIV-1

Question 13

How does Enfuvirtide work?

Answer 13

Inhibits HIV binding to CD4 cells

Question 14

What is Maraviroc used to treat?

Answer 14

HIV

Question 15

How does Maraviroc work?

Answer 15

Specifically binds host cell cytokine receptor (CCR5) needed for HIV entry into the cell

Question 16

How is Maraviroc metabolized?

Answer 16

P450 CYP3A4 metabolism and renal excretion

Question 17

How is Maraviroc transported out of the GI tract?

Answer 17

G glycoprotein substrate

Question 18

What is Docosanol used to treat?

Answer 18

Herpes simplex

Question 19

What type of compound is Docosanol?

Answer 19

A 22 carbon aliphatic alcohol

Question 20

How does Docosanol work?

Answer 20

Inhibits fusion between plasma membrane and herpes simplex virus envelope preventing viral entrance into the cell

Question 21

Maraviroc main adverse effects?

Answer 21

Cough, upper respiratory infections, muscle-joint pain

Question 22

What is Palivizumab used to treat?

Answer 22

Respiratory syncytial virus

Question 23

How does Palivizumab work?

Answer 23

Monoclonal antibody directed against a surface protein antigen on RSV

Question 24

Adverse effects of Palivizumab?

Answer 24

Elevated liver transaminases

Question 25

What is Palivizumab really?

Answer 25

A monoclonal antibody injected prophylactically

Question 26

What population would you use Palivizumab?

Answer 26

Premature babies and infants at high risk

Question 27

What are the three chemically different forms of interferons produced by human cells?

Answer 27

Type I Type II Interferon receptors

Question 28

What cells produce type I interferons?

Answer 28

Leukocytes | Fibroblasts

Question 29

What cells produce type II interferons?

Answer 29

T cells | NK cells

Question 30

What are type I interferons produced in response to?

Answer 30

Viral stimulation

Question 31

What are type II interferons produced in response to?

Answer 31

Immune stimuli and associated cytokines

Question 32

What family are interferon receptors a part of?

Answer 32

JAK-STAT group of tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 33

Mechanism of interferon action?

Answer 33

Binds to IFN type I receptor Initiating JAK-STAT phosphorylation STAT goes to nucleus host DNA reducing mRNA transcription needed for viral replication complex

Question 34

What are the interferon alpha drugs?

Answer 34

Interferon alfa-2a | Interferon alfa-2b

Question 35

What are the interferon beta drugs?

Answer 35

Interferon beta-1a | Interferon beta-1b

Question 36

What are the type I interferons?

Answer 36

``` Alpha Beta Delta Epsilon Kappa Tau Omega ```

Question 37

What are the type II interferons?

Answer 37

Gamma

Question 38

What do viral uncoating inhibitors affect?

Answer 38

Influenza A viral RNA in hosts cells

Question 39

How is Rimantadine metabolized?

Answer 39

Cleared by hydroxylation and conjugation

Question 40

How is Amantadine metabolized?

Answer 40

Glomerular filtration

Question 41

What is the net effect of transcription inhibitors?

Answer 41

Reduced viral replication

Question 42

DNA polymerase inhibitors metabolism?

Answer 42

Renal clearance GFR dependent

Question 43

Effect of non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors on metabolism?

Answer 43

P450 inducers or inhibitors

Question 44

What do protease inhibitors do?

Answer 44

Prevent post-translational cleavage of precursors inhibiting formation of the mature virus

Question 45

Adverse affects of protease inhibitors?

Answer 45

CYP3A4 metabolism major drug interactions Buffalo hump Shrunken face Pot belly

Question 46

What do viral release inhibitors inhibit?

Answer 46

Neuraminidase

Question 47

Mechanism of viral release inhibitors?

Answer 47

Particles cling to sialic acid receptors of active neuraminidase enzyme sites

Question 48

What do viral release inhibitors cause by clinging to sialic acid receptors?

Answer 48

Failure to cleave sialic acid residues leaves completed virus clinging to the host cell or each other

Question 49

What are neuraminidase inhibitors good for use against?

Answer 49

Influenza A | Influenza B

Question 50

How are neuraminidase inhibitors excreted?

Answer 50

Active metabolites found in urine so reduce does in renal failure

Question 51

What does neuramidase do?

Answer 51

Cleaves sialic acid receptors from the virus allowing the virus to go free