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Food, Population & Environment > Urbanization > Flashcards

Urbanization Flashcards

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1
Q

urbanization

A

population shift into towns and cities

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1
Q

As of 2007, a majority of the world’s population lives in…

A

urban areas.

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2
Q

Most urban areas are located near…

A

corridor for trade that drives economic growth (i.e. river/seacoast/highway).

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3
Q

urban area

A

town/city and adjacent suburbs with population of 2500+

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4
Q

degree of urbanization

A

percentage of a region’s population that lives in urban areas

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5
Q

urban growth

A

rate of increase of urban population

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6
Q

Degree of urbanization globally increased from _____ (1850) to _____ (2020).

A

2%; 56.2%

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7
Q

Is urban growth in developed countries higher or lower than in developing countries?

A

Lower.

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8
Q

Developed countries have slower urbanization rates because of…

A

higher rates of people living in suburbs.

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9
Q

Urbanization is faster in developing countries, particularly in those facing…

A

war and ecological degradation.

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10
Q

Large cities are _____ and _____ in number.

A

growing; increasing

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11
Q

Poverty is becoming…

A

increasingly urbanized.

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12
Q

population growth formula

A

pop growth = births - deaths + immigration - emigration

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13
Q

What are some PULL factors of urban growth?

A

(1) higher income jobs
(2) better education
(3) better healthcare
(4) cultural opportunities

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14
Q

What are some PUSH factors of urban growth?

A

(1) farm mechanization
(2) government policies
(3) environmental degradation
(4) conflicts

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15
Q

What are some socio-economic problems of major cities?

A

(1) Poverty: Homelessness, unemployment, crime
(2) Inadequate healthcare and education services

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16
Q

What are some environmental and infrastructural problems of major cities?

A

(1) air, water, and noise pollution
(2) decaying infrastructure
(3) inadequate provision of public transportation, sanitary waste disposal and parks/open spaces

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17
Q

As of 2020, _____ of the US population in urban areas occupying 3% of land.

A

83%

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18
Q

Almost ____ of people live in metropolitan areas containing over 1 million people.

A

50%

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19
Q

US economic activity in the 19th and 20th centuries forced people to remain in cities despite…

A

crowding, poverty, and crime.

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20
Q

Americans began moving to suburbs in the mid-20th century searching for…

A

better schools, more space, and cheaper real estate.

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21
Q

US migration from cities to suburbs in the mid-20th century led to…

A

rapid decrease in population and economic declines within cities.

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22
Q

What have been some improvements of urbanization?

A

(1) better work conditions
(2) medical care
(3) environmental quality

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23
Q

What are some remaining problems of urbanization?

A

(1) inner-city poverty
(2) crime
(3) infrastructural decay
(4) road congestion and auto pollution
(5) disappearing open spaces

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24
Q

sprawl

A

spread of low-density urban/suburban/exurban development out from urban center

25
Q

What are some causes of urban sprawl?

A

(1) cheap gasoline
(2) plentiful land
(3) highway networks that produce automobile-oriented cities with low population density

26
Q

What are some characteristics of urban sprawl?

A

(1) single-family housing
(2) limited public transportation

27
Q

What are some consequences of urban sprawl?

A

(1) increased congestion
(2) loss of open space
(3) pollution
(4) global warming
(5) nonrenewable resource use

28
Q

Transportation is worsened by urban sprawl because…

A

(1) you MUST own a car to get around
(2) increased traffic accidents
(3) increased dependence on nonrenewable resources

29
Q

Pollution is worsened by urban sprawl because…

A

(1) Carbon dioxide emissions contribute to global warming
(2) Increase of nitrogen/sulfur air pollutants produce smog and acid rain
(3) Polluted water runoff affects soil/waterways
(4) Motor oil and salt pose risks to ecosystem

30
Q

Health issues are worsened by urban sprawl because…

A

physical inactivity increases (i.e. obesity).

31
Q

Land use is worsened by urban sprawl because…

A

less left for forests, fields, and farmland.

32
Q

Economics worsened by urban sprawl because…

A

tax money is redirected to fund the infrastructure of new developments.

33
Q

individual transit

A

cars, bicycles, motorcycles, walking
Cars are used for over 90% of work-related travel in US

34
Q

mass transit

A

subways, trains, buses, airplanes

35
Q

What are some of the advantages of cars?

A

(1) improved freedom to move (i.e. flexibility, independence)
(2) auto industry provides jobs and tax revenues

36
Q

What are some disadvantages of cars?

A

(1) air, water, and noise pollution
(2) accidents
(3) road congestion and parking
(4) loss of open space

37
Q

Trends of mass transit indicate a(n) _____ used of public transportation in the US.

A

increased

38
Q

mass transit systems

A

public buses, trains, subways, or light rail that can move large numbers of passengers while occupying less space than road networks

39
Q

Is mass transit cheaper and less polluting or pricier and more polluting than vehicle transit?

A

Cheaper and less polluting.

40
Q

What are some examples of government policies that favor mass transit?

A

(1) higher taxes on cars
(2) taxing inefficient modes of transport
(3) road-pricing
(4) greater subsidies for mass transit
(5) more public investment in mass transit

41
Q

City planning helps to…

A

create livable urban areas.

42
Q

City planning techniques in cities like Washington D.C., Chicago, and Portland created…

A

(1) city parks and playgrounds
(2) improved neighborhood conditions
(3) streamlined traffic systems
(4) civic centers downtown

43
Q

regional planning

A

broader geographic scale that may coordinate work with multiple municipal governments

44
Q

zoning

A

a key tool for planning

45
Q

Zoning classifies areas for…

A

different types of development and land use.

46
Q

Zoning helps to…

A

preserve the tranquility of residential areas and concentrate industrial areas.

47
Q

Setting urban growth boundaries (UGBs) reduces…

A

the cost of infrastructure compared with urban sprawl and preserves farms and forests.

48
Q

Urban growth leads to…

A

high land values and property taxes.

49
Q

cluster development

A

houses or apartments only built on some part of the land

50
Q

In cluster development, at least ____ of land is left as open space, parks, and paths for cycling and walking.

A

30%

51
Q

What are some principles of smart growth?

A

(1) Set UGBs
(2) Mix land uses
(3) Encourage compact building design and range of housing choices
(4) Create walkable neighborhoods
(5) Provide variety of transportation choices
(6) Preserve open spaces, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas
(7) Strengthen/Develop existing communities
(8) Encourage shared decision-making

52
Q

greenways

A

strips of land that connect parks or neighborhoods, often along rivers, streams, canals, or walking trails

53
Q

greenbelts

A

long/wide corridors of park lands, often encircling an entire urban area

54
Q

green buildings

A

buildings designed to minimize the ecological footprint of these structure in their construction and operation

55
Q

What are some feature of green buildings?

A

(1) Built with sustainable materials
(2) Limit their use of energy/water
(3) Minimize adverse health impacts
(4) Control pollution and recycle waste

56
Q

What are some environmental effects of urban areas?

A

(1) Resource usage: Cities/Towns import almost everything they need and utilize much of environment
(2) Efficiency: Greater concentration of people allows for more efficiency
(3) Consumption: Cities use only 2% of world’s land but consume 75% of its resources
(4) Land use: Preserves land due to high population density
(5) Pollution!

57
Q

What are some policies to preservation of open-space, ecologically sensitive land and farmland?

A

(1) Taxes and subsidies to influence land use
(2) Zoning and other prohibitive regulations
(3) Tradable development rights
(4) Land trusts
(5) Conservation easements

58
Q

tradable development rights

A

zoning technique used to permanently protect farmland and other natural and cultural resources by redirecting developing from resource lands to areas planned to accommodate growth/development

59
Q

land trusts

A

private, nonprofit organizations that actively works to conserve land

60
Q

conservation easements

A

a power invested in a qualified private land conservation organization or government to constrain exercise of rights otherwise held by landowner to achieve certain conservation purposes

Food, Population & Environment (7 decks)

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