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Food and Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

Undernutrition has…

A

decreased, but food prices have increased.

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2
Q

The world can produce enough to feed everyone, but…

A

ability to buy food is unevenly distributed.

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3
Q

widespread poverty

A

major cause of hunger and nutritional inadequacy

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4
Q

Health levels, labor productivity, and economic development are…

A

strongly interrelated.

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5
Q

Government policies impact…

A

(1) food production
(2) food quality
(3) distribution

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6
Q

Possible goals of food production and food quality-oriented policies include…

A

(1) stabilizing food supplies and farm incomes
(2) ensuring food safety and protecting environment
(3) enhancing productivity via research and extension

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7
Q

Aims of distribution-oriented policies are to reduce hunger and improve nutritional health using…

A

(1) safety nets (social welfare programs)
(2) wealth sharing schemes (land redistribution)

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8
Q

malnutrition

A

shortage of specific nutrients (i.e. lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals)

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9
Q

People with protein-deficient diets can develop a disease, which causes…

A

bloating of abdomen and hair deterioration.

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10
Q

overnutrition

A

receiving too many calories per day

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11
Q

Overnutrition has grown in developing countries due to…

A

abundance of cheap junk food and sedentary lifestyles.

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12
Q

food security

A

guarantee of an adequate, safe, nutritious and reliable food supply

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13
Q

800 million people suffer from undernutrition despite…

A

improved food production.

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14
Q

Global meat production has increased _____ and per capita meat consumption has ______.

A

fivefold; doubled

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15
Q

As wealth and commerce increase…

A

meat, milk and egg consumption increase.

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16
Q

Producing eggs and chickens requires the _____ space and water; producing beef requires the ______.

A

least; most

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17
Q

Every time that one organism consumes another, only about ______ of the energy moves to the next trophic level.

A

10%

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18
Q

feedlot

A

huge warehouses or pens that deliver food to animals living at extremely high densities

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19
Q

Feedlots…

A

increase production and decreases cost.

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20
Q

What are the environmental benefits of feedlots?

A

(1) reduced grazing impacts on land
(2) manure can be used as fertilizer

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21
Q

What are the consequences of feedlots?

A

(1) pollution (large production of manure and urine)
(2) antibiotic use: used to prevent outbreaks in crowded conditions
(3) hormone use: used to spur growth
(4) greenhouse gases: produce more than automobiles

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22
Q

aquaculture

A

cultivation of aquatic organisms in controlled environment

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23
Q

Aquaculture used because…

A

wild fish populations have decreased and seafood demand has increased.

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24
Q

What are the benefits of aquaculture?

A

(1) Increases food supply
(2) Reduces overfishing and bycatch
(3) Increase overall food security

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25
What are the consequences of aquaculture?
(1) Antibiotic overuse (2) Destroy coastal ecosystems (3) Spread disease (4) Invasive species if farmed organisms escape into surrounding ecosystem
26
vertical farming
practice of growing crops stacked vertically in layers in controlled environment with goal to produce food close to customers
27
Vertical farming facilities use...
technologies to provide plants with light, water and nutrition.
28
Soilless farming techniques include...
hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics.
29
organic agriculture
food-growing practices that use no synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, or antibiotics but rely on biological approaches such as composting and biocontrol
30
Organic Food Production Act established...
national standards for organic products.
31
What is biggest obstacle for consumers of organic produce?
Price
32
Can organic agriculture support the world population?
Yes, only if food waste and meat consumption are reduced and technology improves.
33
The EU supports farmers financially during conversion to organic farming because of...
(1) temporary loss of income (2) external costs
34
Challenges to achieving food sustainability include...
(1) soil degradation (2) overconsumption of water (3) loss of crop diversity, pollinators, and natural habitats (4) fossil fuel reliance (5) greenhouse gas emissions
35
community-supported agriculture (CSA)
customers pay farmers in advance for a share, then receive weekly food deliveries
36
sustainable agriculture
agriculture that does not deplete soils faster than they form
37
Sustainable agriculture refrains from...
(1) reducing amount of healthy soil (2) polluting water (3) decreasing genetic diversity
38
Sustainable agriculture promotes...
(1) reducing water use (2) less wastewater generation (3) greater crop diversity (4) increasing use of organic fertilizers (5) practicing biological pest control
39
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
Requires EPA to approve commercial pesticides before they can be used
40
What are alternative approaches for controlling pests?
(1) use genetic engineering (GMOs) (2) modify cultivation practices (3) use biological control (4) practice integrated pest management (IPM)
41
genetic engineering
process where scientists directly manipulate an organism's genetic material
42
What are the benefits of GM foods?
(1) increased yield with lower costs (2) Reduced production of greenhouse gases through increased no-till farming (3) Reduced use of chemical insecticides since plants produce their own insecticides
43
recombinant DNA
piece of DNA that has been created by combining 2+ fragments from different sources
44
Genetic engineering is used to...
develop disease resistant crop varieties to reduce number and quantity of pesticides
45
What are the impacts of GM foods?
(1) Ecological concerns over escaping transgenes (2) Scientists, citizens and policymakers became concerned
46
GM foods could ruin the integrity of native ancestral races by...
interbreeding with closely related wild pants, producing herbicide-resistant superweeds.
47
pest
any organism that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.
48
weed
any plant that competes with crops
49
Industrial monocultures limit ability of natural enemies to control pest population, causing farmers to...
turn to chemical suppression.
50
pesticides
chemicals used to kill undesirable organisms
51
Types of pesticides include...
(1) insecticides (2) herbicides (3) fungicides (4) nematocides (nematode worm killer) (5) rodenticides
52
1st generation pesticides
mostly natural substances obtained from plants
53
2nd generation pesticides
synthetically-made; insecticides
54
broad-spectrum
toxic to many species
55
narrow spectrum
toxic to narrowly defined group
56
high persistence
remain in the environment for an extended period of time
57
low persistence
remain in environment for a limited period of time
58
Pesticides vary in...
spectrum and persistence.
59
Most pesticide use is...
agricultural.
60
Why are pesticides beneficial?
(1) Save human lives (2) Increase food supplies and lower costs (3) New pesticides are used at lower rates
61
Why are pesticides consequential?
(1) Pesticides may harm consumers, farm-workers, and wildlife (2) Kill nontarget organisms (3) Neonicotinoids: Make plants toxic to insects, harming insects that feed on the plant and bees (4) Pesticide-resistant population can be produced
62
Agriculture in developing countries is typically...
the main source of employment, livelihood, and income for majority of population.
63
Population growth and poverty in developing countries puts more pressure on land, leading to...
higher rates of erosion and desertification.
64
Green-revolution techniques may help avoid cultivation on fragile land, increasing...
incomes in a sustainable way.
65
US is major producer of...
crops (i.e. wheat, corn, cotton) and livestock.
66
Green revolution
a movement to introduce new technology, crop varieties, and farming practices to developing nations
67
Green revolution has three components including...
(1) developing and planting monocultures of selectively bred or genetically engineered, high-yield varieties of crops (2) growing and protecting crops with large inputs of fertilizer, pesticides and water
68
Green Revolution began with...
Norman Borlaug, who introduced a disease-resistant, high-yield strain of wheat to Mexico.
69
During the Green Revolution, Developing countries also imported...
(1) Synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides (2) Irrigating crops generously with water (3) Using more machinery powered by fossil fuels
70
Intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides has...
worsened pollution, erosion, and water and air quality.
71
What are some positive aspects of the Green Revolution?
(1) increased agricultural production (2) prevent deforestation and land conversion
72
monocultures
large expenses of single crop types, increasing output by making planting/harvesting more efficient
73
What are some negative aspects of the Green Revolution?
(1) Monoculture devastates biodiversity (2) Human diet is narrowed (3) Monocultures more susceptible to diseases
74
biofuel
liquid fuels from biomass sources
75
Food prices can increased because farmers...
planted biofuels, not food crops.
76
What are the three types of agricultural systems?
(1) industrialized and plantation agriculture (2) traditional subsistence agriculture (3) intensive traditional agriculture
77
industrialized and plantation agriculture
uses large amounts of fossil fuels, water, and capital (i.e. developed American agriculture)
78
traditional subsistence agriculture
uses primarily human labor and land (i.e. nomadic herding)
79
intensive traditional agriculture
uses increased inputs of labor (i.e. rice harvesting)
80

Food, Population & Environment (7 decks)

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