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Food, Population & Environment > Food and Agriculture > Flashcards

Food and Agriculture Flashcards

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1
Q

Undernutrition has…

A

decreased, but food prices have increased.

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2
Q

The world can produce enough to feed everyone, but…

A

ability to buy food is unevenly distributed.

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3
Q

widespread poverty

A

major cause of hunger and nutritional inadequacy

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4
Q

Health levels, labor productivity, and economic development are…

A

strongly interrelated.

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5
Q

Government policies impact…

A

(1) food production
(2) food quality
(3) distribution

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6
Q

Possible goals of food production and food quality-oriented policies include…

A

(1) stabilizing food supplies and farm incomes
(2) ensuring food safety and protecting environment
(3) enhancing productivity via research and extension

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7
Q

Aims of distribution-oriented policies are to reduce hunger and improve nutritional health using…

A

(1) safety nets (social welfare programs)
(2) wealth sharing schemes (land redistribution)

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8
Q

malnutrition

A

shortage of specific nutrients (i.e. lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals)

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9
Q

People with protein-deficient diets can develop a disease, which causes…

A

bloating of abdomen and hair deterioration.

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10
Q

overnutrition

A

receiving too many calories per day

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11
Q

Overnutrition has grown in developing countries due to…

A

abundance of cheap junk food and sedentary lifestyles.

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12
Q

food security

A

guarantee of an adequate, safe, nutritious and reliable food supply

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13
Q

800 million people suffer from undernutrition despite…

A

improved food production.

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14
Q

Global meat production has increased _____ and per capita meat consumption has ______.

A

fivefold; doubled

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15
Q

As wealth and commerce increase…

A

meat, milk and egg consumption increase.

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16
Q

Producing eggs and chickens requires the _____ space and water; producing beef requires the ______.

A

least; most

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17
Q

Every time that one organism consumes another, only about ______ of the energy moves to the next trophic level.

A

10%

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18
Q

feedlot

A

huge warehouses or pens that deliver food to animals living at extremely high densities

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19
Q

Feedlots…

A

increase production and decreases cost.

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20
Q

What are the environmental benefits of feedlots?

A

(1) reduced grazing impacts on land
(2) manure can be used as fertilizer

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21
Q

What are the consequences of feedlots?

A

(1) pollution (large production of manure and urine)
(2) antibiotic use: used to prevent outbreaks in crowded conditions
(3) hormone use: used to spur growth
(4) greenhouse gases: produce more than automobiles

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22
Q

aquaculture

A

cultivation of aquatic organisms in controlled environment

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23
Q

Aquaculture used because…

A

wild fish populations have decreased and seafood demand has increased.

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24
Q

What are the benefits of aquaculture?

A

(1) Increases food supply
(2) Reduces overfishing and bycatch
(3) Increase overall food security

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25
Q

What are the consequences of aquaculture?

A

(1) Antibiotic overuse
(2) Destroy coastal ecosystems
(3) Spread disease
(4) Invasive species if farmed organisms escape into surrounding ecosystem

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26
Q

vertical farming

A

practice of growing crops stacked vertically in layers in controlled environment with goal to produce food close to customers

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27
Q

Vertical farming facilities use…

A

technologies to provide plants with light, water and nutrition.

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28
Q

Soilless farming techniques include…

A

hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics.

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29
Q

organic agriculture

A

food-growing practices that use no synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, or antibiotics but rely on biological approaches such as composting and biocontrol

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30
Q

Organic Food Production Act established…

A

national standards for organic products.

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31
Q

What is biggest obstacle for consumers of organic produce?

A

Price

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32
Q

Can organic agriculture support the world population?

A

Yes, only if food waste and meat consumption are reduced and technology improves.

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33
Q

The EU supports farmers financially during conversion to organic farming because of…

A

(1) temporary loss of income
(2) external costs

34
Q

Challenges to achieving food sustainability include…

A

(1) soil degradation
(2) overconsumption of water
(3) loss of crop diversity, pollinators, and natural habitats
(4) fossil fuel reliance
(5) greenhouse gas emissions

35
Q

community-supported agriculture (CSA)

A

customers pay farmers in advance for a share, then receive weekly food deliveries

36
Q

sustainable agriculture

A

agriculture that does not deplete soils faster than they form

37
Q

Sustainable agriculture refrains from…

A

(1) reducing amount of healthy soil
(2) polluting water
(3) decreasing genetic diversity

38
Q

Sustainable agriculture promotes…

A

(1) reducing water use
(2) less wastewater generation
(3) greater crop diversity
(4) increasing use of organic fertilizers
(5) practicing biological pest control

39
Q

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

A

Requires EPA to approve commercial pesticides before they can be used

40
Q

What are alternative approaches for controlling pests?

A

(1) use genetic engineering (GMOs)
(2) modify cultivation practices
(3) use biological control
(4) practice integrated pest management (IPM)

41
Q

genetic engineering

A

process where scientists directly manipulate an organism’s genetic material

42
Q

What are the benefits of GM foods?

A

(1) increased yield with lower costs
(2) Reduced production of greenhouse gases through increased no-till farming
(3) Reduced use of chemical insecticides since plants produce their own insecticides

43
Q

recombinant DNA

A

piece of DNA that has been created by combining 2+ fragments from different sources

44
Q

Genetic engineering is used to…

A

develop disease resistant crop varieties to reduce number and quantity of pesticides

45
Q

What are the impacts of GM foods?

A

(1) Ecological concerns over escaping transgenes
(2) Scientists, citizens and policymakers became concerned

46
Q

GM foods could ruin the integrity of native ancestral races by…

A

interbreeding with closely related wild pants, producing herbicide-resistant superweeds.

47
Q

pest

A

any organism that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.

48
Q

weed

A

any plant that competes with crops

49
Q

Industrial monocultures limit ability of natural enemies to control pest population, causing farmers to…

A

turn to chemical suppression.

50
Q

pesticides

A

chemicals used to kill undesirable organisms

51
Q

Types of pesticides include…

A

(1) insecticides
(2) herbicides
(3) fungicides
(4) nematocides (nematode worm killer)
(5) rodenticides

52
Q

1st generation pesticides

A

mostly natural substances obtained from plants

53
Q

2nd generation pesticides

A

synthetically-made; insecticides

54
Q

broad-spectrum

A

toxic to many species

55
Q

narrow spectrum

A

toxic to narrowly defined group

56
Q

high persistence

A

remain in the environment for an extended period of time

57
Q

low persistence

A

remain in environment for a limited period of time

58
Q

Pesticides vary in…

A

spectrum and persistence.

59
Q

Most pesticide use is…

A

agricultural.

60
Q

Why are pesticides beneficial?

A

(1) Save human lives
(2) Increase food supplies and lower costs
(3) New pesticides are used at lower rates

61
Q

Why are pesticides consequential?

A

(1) Pesticides may harm consumers, farm-workers, and wildlife
(2) Kill nontarget organisms
(3) Neonicotinoids: Make plants toxic to insects, harming insects that feed on the plant and bees
(4) Pesticide-resistant population can be produced

62
Q

Agriculture in developing countries is typically…

A

the main source of employment, livelihood, and income for majority of population.

63
Q

Population growth and poverty in developing countries puts more pressure on land, leading to…

A

higher rates of erosion and desertification.

64
Q

Green-revolution techniques may help avoid cultivation on fragile land, increasing…

A

incomes in a sustainable way.

65
Q

US is major producer of…

A

crops (i.e. wheat, corn, cotton) and livestock.

66
Q

Green revolution

A

a movement to introduce new technology, crop varieties, and farming practices to developing nations

67
Q

Green revolution has three components including…

A

(1) developing and planting monocultures of selectively bred or genetically engineered, high-yield varieties of crops
(2) growing and protecting crops with large inputs of fertilizer, pesticides and water

68
Q

Green Revolution began with…

A

Norman Borlaug, who introduced a disease-resistant, high-yield strain of wheat to Mexico.

69
Q

During the Green Revolution, Developing countries also imported…

A

(1) Synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides
(2) Irrigating crops generously with water
(3) Using more machinery powered by fossil fuels

70
Q

Intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides has…

A

worsened pollution, erosion, and water and air quality.

71
Q

What are some positive aspects of the Green Revolution?

A

(1) increased agricultural production
(2) prevent deforestation and land conversion

72
Q

monocultures

A

large expenses of single crop types, increasing output by making planting/harvesting more efficient

73
Q

What are some negative aspects of the Green Revolution?

A

(1) Monoculture devastates biodiversity
(2) Human diet is narrowed
(3) Monocultures more susceptible to diseases

74
Q

biofuel

A

liquid fuels from biomass sources

75
Q

Food prices can increased because farmers…

A

planted biofuels, not food crops.

76
Q

What are the three types of agricultural systems?

A

(1) industrialized and plantation agriculture
(2) traditional subsistence agriculture
(3) intensive traditional agriculture

77
Q

industrialized and plantation agriculture

A

uses large amounts of fossil fuels, water, and capital (i.e. developed American agriculture)

78
Q

traditional subsistence agriculture

A

uses primarily human labor and land (i.e. nomadic herding)

79
Q

intensive traditional agriculture

A

uses increased inputs of labor (i.e. rice harvesting)

80
Q
A

Food, Population & Environment (7 decks)

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