Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Food, Population & Environment > Population Growth and Regulation > Flashcards

Population Growth and Regulation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards
1
Q

Current world population is…

A

8 billion (over 200 nations).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

By 2050, UN predicts global population will surpass…

A

9.7 billion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

j-curve

A

pattern of growth on graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Infant mortality rate reduced because of…

A

(1) improved sanitation
(2) modern medicine
(3) higher agricultural output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Infant mortality rate has contributed to…

A

growing population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prior to IR, high birth rates were positive because…

A

(1) more children supported parents in old age
(2) greater labor pool for factory work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malthus argued that…

A

number of people would eventually outgrow available food supply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Predictions of Malthus and Ehrlich have…

A

not fully come true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Despite quadrupling of human population, society has not collapsed because of…

A

(1) intensified food production
(2) slowing birth rates due to enhanced prosperity, education, and increasing gender equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Despite improvements, population growth still…

A

(1) depletes resources
(2) stresses social systems
(3) degrades natural environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population size of species that environment can sustain indefinitely given food/habitat/water/etc. available in environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IPAT model

A

framework used to measure environmental impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

IPAT formula

A

I = PAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

I (IPAT)

A

impact on environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

P (IPAT)

A

population growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A (IPAT)

A

affluence (consumption per capita)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T (IPAT)

A

technology factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

S (IPAT)

A

sensitivity factor (denotes vulnerability of given environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Modern-day China demonstrates how IPAT elements create environment impact through…

A

(1) erosion caused by intensive agriculture
(2) withdrawn aquifers/rivers
(3) Low air quality (equivalent to smoking 40 cigarettes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Human population grows at rate of

A

88 million/year (2.8 people/sec)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Human population reached 1 billion after…

A

1800.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1 billion people are added to population every…

A

12 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Population growth rates…

A

vary from place to place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

population doubling time formula

A

years = 70/population growth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Global doubling time is…

A

58 years (70/1.2).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

China’s doubling time prior to one-child policy was…

A

25 years (70/2.8).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Most of next billion added to population will come from…

A

emerging economies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Emerging economies will…

A

(1) continue to be economically strained
(2) continue environmental degradation due to poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

predicted population formula

A

predicted population = growth + current population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

population growth formula

A

growth = current population*growth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

gross domestic product (GDP)

A

market value in current dollars of all goods/services produced within an economy for final use during a year

32
Q

gross national product (GNP)
gross national income (GNI)

A

value in current dollars of all goods/services products by nationals (whether in country or not)

33
Q

GNP formula

A

GNP = GDP + net income from abroad

34
Q

Real GDP and GNP (GNI) accounts for…

A

price changes (inflation).

35
Q

Net domestic product (NDP) and net national product (NNP) or net national income (NNI) accounts for…

A

depreciation.

36
Q

Per capita measures accounts for…

A

population differencs.

37
Q

per capita GDP formula

A

per capita GDP = GDP/population

38
Q

per capita GNP (GNI) formula

A

per capita GNP (GNI) = GNP/population

39
Q

per capita NNP (NNI) formula

A

per capita NNP (NNI) = NNP/population

40
Q

International comparisons often struggle to…

A

(1) exchange rate volatility
(2) relative inflation

41
Q

purchasing power parity (PPP) approach

A

economic theory that estimates adjustment amount needed on exchange rate between countries for exchange to be equivalent to each country’s purchasing power

42
Q

Conventional real per capita measures does not account for…

A

(1) income distribution
(2) natural resource depletion and environmental degradation
(3) education and health
(4) corruption and crime rates
(5) informal sector for goods and services
(6) household production

43
Q

income distribution

A

measures income gap

44
Q

More developed countries (MDCs) have…

A

(1) higher average per capita GNI (PPP)
(2) lower infant mortality rate
(3) higher percentage of population over 65

45
Q

Less developed countries (LDCs) have…

A

(1) lower average per capita GNI (PPP)
(2) higher infant mortality rate
(3) lower percentage of population over 65

46
Q

Since 1960, gap between per capita income of rich/middle/poor countries has…

A

widened.

47
Q

Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic include…

A

(1) decrease in global income
(2) increased income inequality in US

48
Q

Alternative indicators of economic well-being includes…

A

genuine progress indictor (GPI).

49
Q

genuine progress indicator (GPI)

A

GPI = GDP - (environmental costs) - (social/economic costs)

50
Q

Benefits of GPI include…

A

(1) value of parenting/volunteer work
(2) environmental costs (i.e. pollution, wetland loss, nonrenewable resource depletion)

51
Q

Determinants of population growth include…

A

(1) births
(2) deaths
(3) net migration (immigration - emigration)

52
Q

population growth formula (with determinants)

A

growth = births - deaths + net migration

53
Q

crude birth rate

A

number of live births in a year per 1000 people in population

54
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths in a year per 1000 people in population

55
Q

rate of natural increase

A

crude birth rate - crude death rate

56
Q

In the past 100 years, death rates have…

A

decreased.

57
Q

In the past 100 years, birth rates have…

A

decreased, but not as fast as death rates.

58
Q

Increasing difference between birth/death rates has led to…

A

rapid population growth.

59
Q

Patterns of change in birth/death rates over time are…

A

different for developed/developing countries.

60
Q

replacement fertility level

A

(1) number of children needed by couple to maintain constant population long-term
(2) 2.1 children (Most of Europe is below this level)

61
Q

Age structure refers to proportion of population in age classes including…

A

(1) pre-reproductive (0-14)
(2) reproductive (15-44)
(3) post-reproductive (over 45)

62
Q

age structure diagrams (population pyramids)

A

describe relative numbers of individuals at each age class within a population

63
Q

Rapidly growing populations have…

A

pyramid-shaped age structures with large number of pre-reproductive age individuals.

64
Q

Pyramid with even age distribution indicates…

A

a stable population.

65
Q

Countries with negative growth/shrinking population has…

A

lower proportion of pre-reproductive individuals and higher proportion of post-reproductive adults.

66
Q

Naturally occurring sex ratio at birth is…

A

106 males : 100 females.

67
Q

Developing countries are expected to have pyramid shape through 2025 though…

A

age structure may become more evenly distributed.

68
Q

Developed countries are expected to have…

A

increasingly even age distribution through 2025.

69
Q

Older global population will create…

A

strain on social welfare programs in some countries as fewer young workers are supporting elderly.

70
Q

Aging U.S. population will likely impact average worker through…

A

increasing tax burden.

71
Q

demographic transition theory

A

hypothesis relating changes in population growth to stages in economic development

72
Q

Stages of demographic transition include…

A

(1) pre-industrial
(2) transitional
(3) industrial
(4) post-industrial

73
Q

Demographic transition can fail in countries/cultures that…

A

place greater value on childbirth or devalue women’s rights.

74
Q

Long-term population projection demonstrated through…

A

(1) age structure diagrams
(2) demographic transition theory
(3) computer models

75
Q

Factors that influence fertility rates include…

A

(1) cultural norms
(2) lower educational level of women
(3) gender inequality
(4) view of children as source of security for parents in old age
(5) view of children as productive assets

76
Q

Factors that decrease fertility levels include…

A

(1) increase in affluence/wealth
(2) increased educational/employment opportunities for women and empowering women
(3) increased urbanization
(4) improved medical care
(5) decrease in importance and acceptability of child labor
(6) increased cost of raising/educating children
(7) greater availability of private/public pensions
(8) change in religious beliefs/traditions/cultural norms away from encouraging large families
(9) greater availability of legal abortions
(10) higher average age of marriage
(11) family planning/increased access to birth control

Food, Population & Environment (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions