Urbanisation and Industrialisation

Question 1

Why do modernisation theorists argue that urbanisation is key to dev?

Answer 1

1. cities are seen as places that reject tradition and use meritocracy and individualism
2. Hoselitz - cities encourage people to work because urban society values achieved status and meritocracy

Question 2

Why can modernisation theorists be criticised for thinking that countries need to urbanise?

Answer 2

1. ethnocentric - based on western ideals

2. doesn’t explain how power, wealth and dev moves from cities to rural areas

Question 3

How do modernisation theorists measure dev?

Answer 3

they see dev as a shift from rural to city life so measure dev by the no. of people living and working in cities compared to the countryside

Question 4

What is the dual economy theory?

Answer 4

1. idea that urbanisation can lead to two types of society that function as two separate economies: rural and urban society

Question 5

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dual economy theory?

Answer 5

+ explains that the needs of urban areas are different to rural areas

• assumes rural economies are backward (low standard of living

Question 6

Why do dependency theorists argue that poverty in LICs is caused by colonialism?

Answer 6

1. says cities described by mods don’t exist
2. urbanisation brings more problems to the dev world e.g inequality, bad public health, urban poverty as they don;t have the infrastructure to deal with them
3. only parts of cities where elite capitalists live are similar to mod theory of cities as they were designed for the colonial elite
4. LEDC cities depend on trade with rich countries and serve them rather than their own people
   HOWEVER they ignore countries where urbanisation has been successful

Question 7

What are the 2 main approaches to industrialisation and what do they mean?

Answer 7

1. ISI - import substitution industrialisation - dev nation uses their own resources rather than relying on foreign imports and charges high tariffs and taxes on imports so people want to buy local products e.g cars in Brazil
2. EOI - export orientated industrialisation - dev countries focus on making high demand goods to export e.g China make clothes, phones, toys etc

Question 8

What are the disadvantages of ISI?

Answer 8

1. local businesses have no competition so no motive to be efficient and may become corrupt
2. people may be annoyed that it is hard to buy things from abroad if they don’t want the local product
3. no incentives to expand so might cut wages to make more profit

Question 9

What are the disadvantages of EOI?

Answer 9

1. the goods made for western countries might be too expensive for locals to buy
2. fierce competition on the international market may lead to wage cuts

Question 10

What are the disadvantages of rapid industrialisation?

Answer 10

Webster - new comers cannot afford city houses so build temporary homes which don’t get services like water, healthcare, policing so standards of living are low

Question 11

What are the push factors that cause over-urbanisation (Webster)

Answer 11

1. poverty
2. loss of land
3. natural disasters
4. war

Question 12

What are the pull factors that cause over-urbanisation (Webster)

Answer 12

1. chance of employment
2. education
3. healthcare
4. escape from family restraints