Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Where in the world is urbanisation happening most quickly? (4)

A

Tokyo, New York, Mumbai

Case study = Manila

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2
Q

What issues has rapid population growth caused in Manila (SDGs)?

A

Poor education
Poor sanitation
Poverty

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3
Q

How have overcrowded cemeteries become an issue in Manila due to rapid population growth?

A

People have to rent coffins for dead relatives and when they can no longer afford it, the bodies are replaced.

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4
Q

How have shantytowns and spread of illnesses become an issue in Manila due to rapid population growth?

A

The shantytowns are overpopulated and there is little sanitation.
Households live very close together.

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5
Q

Why do people move to cities?

2

A

Better access to public services ie schools and better prospects for recreation.

Economic incentives.
The World Bank said, in developing countries, the rural-urban wage gap is significantly different.

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6
Q

Who migrates to cities?

3

A

People between 15-30 (most 15-24) - most lifetime income gains are largest for younger people.

More educated people.

People with friends and family in the cities.

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7
Q

What are the benefits of urbanisation?

2

A

Improves the economy.

Big differentiated labour markets help accelerate the pace of technological innovation.

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8
Q

What are the costs of urbanisation?

4

A

Over-urbanisation worsens economy as cities grow too big.

Growth of slums.

Air pollution & crime etc increase with city size.

Concentration of people raises travel costs - wastes scarce resources like time & fuel & services deteriorate due to pressure.

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9
Q

How much of developing countries’ populations live in shantytowns/slums?

A

1/3

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10
Q

Why do modernisation theorists suggest that urbanisation is essential?
(3)

A

Cities provide labour force for factories & businesses.

Promotes cultural change as people leave countryside, exposing them to Western values.

Essential for cultural & economic change leading to development.

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11
Q

How does urbanisation taking place in the developing world differ from what happened in the developed world?
(2)

A

3rd world cities are bigger and fewer - one is dominant with lots of facilities, while others aren’t as big or important.

Urbanisation hasn’t accompanied industrialisation - city dwellers often make a living from informal-sector work rather than being formally employed.

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12
Q

What do dependency theorists argue cities do regarding urbanisation?

A

Play a key role in keeping countries underdeveloped by soaking up resources in unproductive ways.

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13
Q

What do dependency theorists argue about urbanisation?
(4)

(developed, cities, hierarchy, change)

A

Colonialism developed developing countries.

Cities established in developing countries under colonial rule used as staging posts in exports.

Social hierarchy developed; colonists & native allies enjoying higher standards of living.

Hasn’t changed under neo-colonialism as colonists were replaced by TNCs.

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14
Q

Why do dependency theorists argue urbanisation is different today?

A

It is not a response to industrialisation.

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15
Q

What is a push factor?

Give an example.

A

Things that make people want to leave.

War.

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16
Q

What is a pull factor?

Give an example.

A

Things that make people want to go.

A market for skills.

17
Q

What is seasonal migration?

A

People may migrate at certain times of year and then leave.