Modernisation THEORY Flashcards
What kind of theory is modernisation theory?
A functionalist theory.
When/where did the theory develop?
The cold war (1960s) in capitalist nations
What is required for development according to this theory?
Capitalism
What did modernisation theory offer?
A way for 3rd world countries to ‘develop’ through investment.
What was modernisation theory’s first big application?
The Marshall Plan
When was the Marshall Plan?
1947
The Marshall Plan offered _________ countries _____ ($__ billion in total) after _____.
It tied _________ countries to _______, making them ________.
a) European
b) loans
c) 13
d) WW2
e) European
f) America
g) dependent
What did the Marshall Plan ensure?
A captive market for US goods & services as European countries bought US goods using US loans - ‘paying twice’.
How did the GNI of Marshall Plan countries grow?
By 25%
What’s containment (MP)?
A US plan to contain communism in Europe before the USSR could interfere.
What was the Molotov Plan?
Soviet version of Marshall Plan - allowed countries money if they became Soviet, giving up individual freedoms as a nation.
What’s the difference between the Molotov plan and the Marshall Plan?
The Marshall Plan didn’t require countries to give up their freedoms.
What is the Rostow model known as?
The 5 steps to capitalism
What kind of model is the Rostow model?
A staircase model
What did Rostow outline?
He told people what to do with their money, describing how capitalism helps countries to develop (pro-capitalist, anti-communist).
What was the model subtitled as?
Who does this reference?
The anti-communist manifesto.
Marx and Engels.
What was the aim of the Rostow model?
To divert European countries from the USSR in the cold war.
What did Rostow describe communism as?
A ‘kind of disease’
What are criticisms of Rostow?
It is zenophobic towards Russians and ethnocentric.
What were the 5 steps of the Rostow model?
1) 1950s ‘Traditional stage’
2) 1960s ‘Transitional stage’
3) 1970s/80s ‘Take off’
4) 1990s ‘Drive to maturity’
5) 2000s ‘High mass consumption’
Where would the changes of the Rostow model take place?
6
1) Technological
2) Agricultural
3) Industrial
4) Geographical
5) Politcal
6) Social & cultural
How would changes of the Rostow model take place in the TECHNOLOGICAL sector?
From traditional equipment to scientific machines
How would changes of the Rostow model take place in the AGRICULTURAL sector?
From subsitence farming towards commerical mass production
How would changes of the Rostow model take place in the INDUSTRIAL sector?
From humans/animals towards new machinery
How would changes of the Rostow model take place in the GEOGRAPHICAL sector?
From farms/villages to towns/cities
How would changes of the Rostow model take place in the POLITICAL sector?
From ascribed satus (kings/emperors) towards liberal democracy.
What is liberal democracy?
A competitive democracy
How would changes of the Rostow model take place in the SOCIAL and CULTURAL sector?
What does that result in?
From kinship groups to nuclear families & from instant reward to deferred gratification.
Results in increased competition as you have smaller families & less ties.
Who is modernisation theory approved by?
Functionalists, new right and economic liberals
What characterises economic liberals, who approve of modernisation theory?
Belief in laissez-faire as meritocracy allows the govt to step back & let the market forces do the development.
Who is modernisation theory criticised by?
Marxists, neo-marxists, socialists and interventionist economists.
What characterises interventionist economists, who criticise modernisation theory?
They believe in state involvement to ensure equality.
PARSONS
What kind of sociologist was Parsons?
A structural functionalist
PARSONS
What did Parsons believe about development?
It was a form of evolution. As society gets ‘better’ or ‘more advanced’, it would naturally become more capitalist, functionalist and like the USA.
PARSONS
What barriers to development did Parsons list that he believed should be destroyed?
(5)
Traditional values & attitudes High birth rates Lack of meritocratic drive Lack of individual desire to compete Lack of modern technology
ROSTOW
What did Rostow believe about economic development?
It was the most important part of modernisation.
ROSTOW
What did Rostow believe was the most important part of modernisation?
Economic developement
ROSTOW
How long did Rostow estimate for his model to take?
60 years
ROSTOW
Why did Rostow want to use US loans?
As a way to influence other states
ROSTOW
How did Rostow want to influence other states?
By using US loans
ROSTOW
What is a criticism of Rostow?
His ideas are a form of imperialism & attempt to establish a new hegemony of capitalism similar to feudal systems.
HOSELITZ (1952)
What did Hoselitz say that modernising social systems meant?
People had to accept new patterns of work
HOSELITZ (1952)
How did Hoselitz suggest Western ideas could be spread?
Through education & mass media.
HOSELITZ (1952)
What did Hoselitz say education and mass media is useful for?
Spreading Western ideas
HOSELITZ (1952)
What did Hoselitz say cities could act as?
What is this a typical pattern of?
Centres of Western values, spreading them to rural areas.
Empire building
HOSELITZ (1952)
What did Hoselitz say should be used as a centre of Western values to spread to rural areas?
Cities
