Urbanisation Flashcards
Definition
An increasing proportion of a countries population lives in towns and cities
Mega cities
urban areas with the population of 10 million or above
meta city
urban areas with the population of 20 million or above
alpha ++
the most integrated and influential in the global economy, London, Tokyo and New York
Urban growth
an increase in the number of urban dwellers
Causes of urban growth
Higher levels of education, better health, better access of social services, and greater opportunities for cultural and political participation
Natural population growth
Employment, school and culture. Higher paid jobs, cultural diversity.
Rural to Urban migration
Population growth, agricultural problems, health issues, natural disasters, conflict, war and civil strife, employment, economic factors, social factors, a perceived better quality of life
Consequences of urbanisation and urban growth
Problems with housing, traffic, waste disposal, crime and pollution. These are linked to topography climate.
Urban sprawl
Spread of urban area and surrounding countryside
Negative impacts
More roads and infrastructure, population rural areas, access to train/roads = commuting, increase air pollution as more car dependent, increase fossil fuel consumption, higher temperatures, loss of farmland, impact on water quality and quantity, decentralisation
Shortage of housing in lower income countries
high levels of noise or water pollution, lack of health centres and schools limited access to water, electricity and waste disposal, informal settlements, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro
Dharavi, Mumbai, India
largest slam in Asia, sewer cause health problems, fishing village, constant supply of electricity, small scale manufacturing industries, domestic and international markets for trade, government plan to redevelop slam area one .1 billion
Shortage of affordable housing in high income cities
Rising demand for accommodations, increase house prices and rental costs, house prices have rise by 70% over 9 years, gentrification, London
Lack of urban services and waste disposal
Impermeable surfaces, traffic congestion, water pollution, lack of electricity, sewage treatment, 2015 5% of water reached informal settlements in New Delhi, waste disposal rapidly increases, dumped on streets and rivers – health hazard, landfill, recycling in Nairobi E.G.old car tires are cut up and used to make cheap sandals
Unemployment and under employment
Unemployment rate is high, not doing work, migrants
Transport issues
Increase traffic in cities, more congestion = pollution, damage to human health, wasting money, commuters, commercial industries, car boom of 1960s plan to build wider and more roads, plan didn’t work as attracted more cars than more words created
Counter urbanisation
The movement of people from large areas into a small area or rural areas
Decentralisation
The movement of population and industry from the urban Centre to outlying areas
Deindustrialisation
The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector
Edge city
A self contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as a city in its own right
Gentrification
Is the buying and renovating of properties often and more rundown areas by wealthier individuals?
Suburbanisation
The movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living in the outer edges
Urban resurgence
Refers to the regeneration both economic and structural of an urban area which has been through a period of decline
Urban sprawl
Spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
Suburbanisation characteristics causes an effects
Transport improved for commuters, transport allows wealthy commuters to live further away so can travel into the inner city, green belts – areas of open space and low density land, controlled developments, land can be used for car parking and expansion of industries, desire for a quieter and less congested and less polluted environment, chrome free environments, woodland parks and recreational areas
Negative effects of sub urbanisation
Increasing social segregation – wealthy people, divergent of funding away from inner city to the suburbs for infrastructure and services
Counter urbanisation characteristics causes and effects
Air pollution, dirt, crime, London house prices are cheaper, rising demand for second terms and earlier retirement, agriculture has faced economic difficulties, modern housing estates built, gentrified areas create conflict between newcomers and the locals affect local economy in lifestyle
Impacts
An increase in the use of commuter railway stations, increased value in housing, construction built, farm land and farm buildings turned to resident homes,
argument
outmigration of adults seek education and employment opportunities, decline of older village born population through deaths, in immigration of young to mid age married couples with young children, in migration of younger more affluent people increase his house prices
Urban resurgence
The regeneration both economic and structural of an urban area which has been through a period of decline
Birmingham
Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham, 1900s employed over 20,000 people injury making metal working hall marking, reduce demand, bombing of area, large scale improvements in 20th century, converted to loft style apartments in townhouses, 30 restaurants bars and cafés, Young businesses, attractive area
New York
1.5 mile long section of rail track built for carrying goods from Manhattan, abandoned in 1980s, manufacturing decline, rede developed in 2000s as park and walkway, artists and cultural events 5 million and new visitors local shops and cafés real estate development, green space green rooms, drainage systems improved
World cities
These cities which have great influence on a global scale because of their financial status and worldwide commercial power
Characteristics of megacities and world cities
Globalisation and economic competition is due to rise, mass migration, financial investment, growth and resources and infrastructure,
Characteristics of world city
Education, infrastructure, financial services, media and communications for global networks, major manufacturing centres, headquarters for multinational corporations, domination of trade and economy, decision-making and power
CBD
Central business district
PLVI
Peak land value intersection – the point with the highest land value and from her lamb prices decline in line with a distance decay
New Urban landscapes
wide range of leisure facilities, availability of spaces, residential areas, green areas, out of town developments, in a city housing and manufacturing, business or science parks, industry, informal settlements
Swindon
