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Geography > Urbanisation > Flashcards

Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

The increasing proportion of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

What is a mega city?

A

A city with a population of 10 m or more

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3
Q

What are two causes of urbanisation?

A

Rural-urban migration - a mixture of push and pull factors cause people to move to the city from the countryside

Natural increase - due to a better healthcare and a younger, more fertile population the birth rate exceeds the death rate

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4
Q

What are some possible push factors

A

Mechanisation of agriculture

Desertification

Lack of jobs

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5
Q

What are some possible pull factors

A

Industrialisation

Better healthcare

More jobs

Better education

Bright light syndrome

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6
Q

What is the term given to an extremely rapid rate of urbanisation

A

Hyper-urbanisation

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7
Q

What is the term given to an area with wealthy people living alongside poorer people

A

Dual society

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8
Q

Describe the location of Lagos (3)

A

A city in the south West of Nigeria

Along the Gulf of Guinea

Nigeria is a country in Central Africa

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9
Q

What makes Lagos an important city?

A

Financial hub of Africa

Home of Nollywood

Nigeria’s centre of trade and commerce

Largest city in Africa

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10
Q

What is the population of Lagos

A

21 million

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11
Q

What are some opportunities in Lagos

A

Employment opportunities, especially in the informal sector

Better education to help families break the cycle of poverty

Tourism

Tackling crime - new helicopters and a high police presence

Water supply inprovements

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12
Q

What does FDI stand for

A

Foreign direct investment

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13
Q

What is Eko-Atlantic?

A

A top down scheme that attracts FDI, boosting the economy

It is 10km2 of reclaimed land with a sea wall to protect against sea level rise

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14
Q

What is Olusosun

A

A landfill at the heart of Lagos

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15
Q

What benefits does Olusosun provide?

A

Provides jobs for 500 people, and they sort over 3000 items per day where valuable items be sorted.

Rubbish can be harnessed into energy

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16
Q

What challenges does Olusosun create?

A

Toxic fumes are released by the rubbish, such as methane. This creates a hazard for the workers

Fires can be created by the natural gases that build up

Only 13% of the waste is recycled, which is not sustainable

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17
Q

What is a squatter settlement?

A

An area of poor quality lacking on basic amenities such as clean water and electricity. They are often built illegally and crime is rife

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18
Q

What benefits are there to life in Makoko

A

Sense of community

Recycling can be a source of income

Fishing

Education

Electricity (which is often illegal)

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19
Q

What negatives are there to life in Makoko

A

Poor sanitation

Real risk of flooding

Poor structural integrity

High population density

Poverty

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20
Q

What percentage of Lagos’ population has tapped water?

A

10%

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21
Q

How does the majority of Lagos get their water supply

A

Buying bottled water from street vendors

Digging wells or boreholes to reach groundwater

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22
Q

How does pollution affect the water supply?

A

Drinking water can contain bacterial or chemical pollution

This can cause diseases such as diarrhoea and cholera

One cause of pollution is a poor sewage system as it is sometimes disposed of with rainwater through open drains

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23
Q

What is an example of a transport system in an LIC

A

Bus rapid transit system in Lagos - 200,000 people use it per day which is a quarter of all commuters

It uses a separate bus lane which cuts commuting time

This means that more workers can be more productive, boosting the economy and reducing carbon emissions

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24
Q

What is an example of an urban planning scheme?

A

Makoko floating school
Bottom up project

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25
Q

What were the benefits of the Makoko floating school

A

It provided education for up to 60 children at a time

Could be used as a community centre

Environmentally sustainable

Withstand sea level change

Uses solar panels

The materials used were locally sourced

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26
Q

What were the negatives of the Makoko floating school

A

Prone to catching fire - it burnt down

Not adequate enough to provide education to all children in Makoko

Vulnerable to storm damage

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27
Q

Which city in the UK is declining?

A

Sunderland

28
Q

Why has Sunderland declined?

A

Decline in industry and loss of jobs

29
Q

Describe the cycle of urbanisation?

A

Urbanisation - Due to industrialisation

Sub-urbanisation - leading to urban sprawl

Counter-urbanisation - due to deindustrialisation

Re - urbanisation - due to regeneration

30
Q

Describe london’s population

A

Generally younger population between 25 and 30 due to abundance of jobs

Not many families due to crime and better education elsewhere

Not many old people as they live in the countryside or coast where there is more fresh air

31
Q

What percentage of London identify as white British?

A

45% but different communities are segregated.

32
Q

What is gentrification? Where in London has it happened?

A

The outpricing of middle or lower class populations such as the Bangladeshi in Shoreditch by wealthier communities.

33
Q

What are the benefits of gentrification?

A

Attract business
Positive multiplier effect on the community
Changes a derelict area to a more vibrant one

34
Q

What are the problems of gentrification?

A

Forces communities to move out due to rising house prices and rent
Causes social disorder (potentially riots from the working class)q

35
Q

What is Crossrail?

A

Crossrail is a new train line that runs from Reading in the west to Shenley in the east, through London.

36
Q

How many train station have been created for Crossrail?

A

9

37
Q

How many people are benefitted by Crossrail?

A

1.5 million people are brought within a 45 min distance of London

55,000 full time jobs generated

38
Q

What are the economic benefits of Crossrail?

A

Estimated £42 billion benefit to the wider UK economy

Property prices raised by 25% along the route

Extra £200 million due to increased passenger journeys.

39
Q

How much of London is green?

A

47% - it is the greenest city in the UK

40
Q

What are the benefits of urban greening in London?

A

Attracts tourism

Creates habitats for wildlife

Creates a natural carbon sink, improving air quality

Space for exercise

41
Q

What are some economic problems caused by deindustrialisation?

A

Unemployment
Less taxpayers
Less money in local economy
Decline in services and shops

42
Q

What are some social problems to deindustrialisation?

A

Homelessness / poverty
Deprivation
Increase in crime rates

43
Q

What are some environmental problems caused by deindustrialisation?

A

Derelict factories
Urban decay

44
Q

What was the reason for decline in the London Docklands?

A

The new ships were too large to be contained in the docks, and goods were being transported much faster by air.

45
Q

What does LDDC stand for?

A

London Docklands Development Corporation

46
Q

What is the importance of Canary Wharf?

A

It is the financial hub of Europe, where 100,000 people work. 700 new firms attracted to the area

47
Q

What is an enterprise zone?

A

A tax-free incentive to attract FDI

48
Q

What is a flagship scheme?

A

A component of a project that represents the project as a whole e.g. Canary Wharf

49
Q

What were the impacts of the decline at London Docklands?

A

20,000 jobs lost
60% of land was derelict/underused
The unemployment rate was 18%

50
Q

What is a sectoral shift?

A

A change in trends of employment - there was a change from secondary jobs to tertiary jobs in the London Dockland Regeneration

However this could lead to gentrification

51
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

Areas of land that have not already been developed, such as farmland on the rural-urban fringe.

52
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

An area of already developed land that which is now derelict and has potential for redevelopment, such as a factory in the inner city.

53
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

The unplanned growth of a city.

54
Q

What protects London from urban-sprawl?

A

The Green-Belt around London prevents the building of houses around London and urban sprawl.

55
Q

What is the evidence that suggests that Stratford is deprived?

A

Highest unemployment rate in London

High number of people living in temporary housing

Largest percentage of low paid residents

56
Q

Why was Stratford chosen as the Olympics site?

A

Lots of brownfield sites

Transport links were already sophisticated

Newham already the most diverse borough making it easier to bring tourists in from abroad.

57
Q

What were the social benefits of the Olympic regeneration?

A

A new stadium was built. which now is the stadium of West Ham FC

2 new sports venues

New Athlete’s Village, now East Village, houses 2,800 people

New school for 1,800 pupils

New local station - Stratford International Station

58
Q

What were the economic benefits of the Olympic Regeneration?

A

International Quarter built, with high rise offices and employing 25,000 people

Attracts tourism

59
Q

What were the environmental benefits of the Olympic Regeneration?

A

New park, Queen Elizabeth Park, which has 100 hectares of open space and is the largest in London

Polluted waterways cleared out

Urban Greening

60
Q

What is ecological footprint?

A

The total amount of land needed to produce all of the inputs and dispose of all outputs of an individual or a population.

61
Q

What is the ecological footprint of London?

A

Twice the size of the UK

62
Q

What is the population of Curitiba?

A

3 million

63
Q

What is the significance of pedestrianisation in Curitiba?

A

The city is pedestrianised - there are no roads in the centre of the city.

The Street of Flowers covers 16 blocks

64
Q

How is the transport in Curitiba sustainable?

A

It had the first bus lanes in the world

Double articulated buses

Arterial roads from outside of the city into the city

The bus system pays for itself (it was 1% the cost of the Underground)

2 million bus users daily

Buses every 60 seconds

65
Q

What is the park policy in Curitiba?

A

Previously unusable land turned into parks

4 x the recommended green space per person

Land use zoning in place - letting water flood into park

Urban sheep farmers keep the cost of maintaining parks down.

66
Q

What are the squatter settlement policies in Curitiba?

A

Green exchange - collect 5 kg of rubbish for 1 kg of fresh fruit and veg

Relocating people living in unsuitable squatter settlements

People taught new skills

Geography (8 decks)

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