Urbanisation Flashcards
Define urbanisation
The increasing proportion of people living in urban areas
What is a mega city?
A city with a population of 10 m or more
What are two causes of urbanisation?
Rural-urban migration - a mixture of push and pull factors cause people to move to the city from the countryside
Natural increase - due to a better healthcare and a younger, more fertile population the birth rate exceeds the death rate
What are some possible push factors
Mechanisation of agriculture
Desertification
Lack of jobs
What are some possible pull factors
Industrialisation
Better healthcare
More jobs
Better education
Bright light syndrome
What is the term given to an extremely rapid rate of urbanisation
Hyper-urbanisation
What is the term given to an area with wealthy people living alongside poorer people
Dual society
Describe the location of Lagos (3)
A city in the south West of Nigeria
Along the Gulf of Guinea
Nigeria is a country in Central Africa
What makes Lagos an important city?
Financial hub of Africa
Home of Nollywood
Nigeria’s centre of trade and commerce
Largest city in Africa
What is the population of Lagos
21 million
What are some opportunities in Lagos
Employment opportunities, especially in the informal sector
Better education to help families break the cycle of poverty
Tourism
Tackling crime - new helicopters and a high police presence
Water supply inprovements
What does FDI stand for
Foreign direct investment
What is Eko-Atlantic?
A top down scheme that attracts FDI, boosting the economy
It is 10km2 of reclaimed land with a sea wall to protect against sea level rise
What is Olusosun
A landfill at the heart of Lagos
What benefits does Olusosun provide?
Provides jobs for 500 people, and they sort over 3000 items per day where valuable items be sorted.
Rubbish can be harnessed into energy
What challenges does Olusosun create?
Toxic fumes are released by the rubbish, such as methane. This creates a hazard for the workers
Fires can be created by the natural gases that build up
Only 13% of the waste is recycled, which is not sustainable
What is a squatter settlement?
An area of poor quality lacking on basic amenities such as clean water and electricity. They are often built illegally and crime is rife
What benefits are there to life in Makoko
Sense of community
Recycling can be a source of income
Fishing
Education
Electricity (which is often illegal)
What negatives are there to life in Makoko
Poor sanitation
Real risk of flooding
Poor structural integrity
High population density
Poverty
What percentage of Lagos’ population has tapped water?
10%
How does the majority of Lagos get their water supply
Buying bottled water from street vendors
Digging wells or boreholes to reach groundwater
How does pollution affect the water supply?
Drinking water can contain bacterial or chemical pollution
This can cause diseases such as diarrhoea and cholera
One cause of pollution is a poor sewage system as it is sometimes disposed of with rainwater through open drains
What is an example of a transport system in an LIC
Bus rapid transit system in Lagos - 200,000 people use it per day which is a quarter of all commuters
It uses a separate bus lane which cuts commuting time
This means that more workers can be more productive, boosting the economy and reducing carbon emissions
What is an example of an urban planning scheme?
Makoko floating school
Bottom up project
What were the benefits of the Makoko floating school
It provided education for up to 60 children at a time
Could be used as a community centre
Environmentally sustainable
Withstand sea level change
Uses solar panels
The materials used were locally sourced
What were the negatives of the Makoko floating school
Prone to catching fire - it burnt down
Not adequate enough to provide education to all children in Makoko
Vulnerable to storm damage
Which city in the UK is declining?
Sunderland
Why has Sunderland declined?
Decline in industry and loss of jobs
Describe the cycle of urbanisation?
Urbanisation - Due to industrialisation
Sub-urbanisation - leading to urban sprawl
Counter-urbanisation - due to deindustrialisation
Re - urbanisation - due to regeneration
Describe london’s population
Generally younger population between 25 and 30 due to abundance of jobs
Not many families due to crime and better education elsewhere
Not many old people as they live in the countryside or coast where there is more fresh air
What percentage of London identify as white British?
45% but different communities are segregated.
What is gentrification? Where in London has it happened?
The outpricing of middle or lower class populations such as the Bangladeshi in Shoreditch by wealthier communities.
What are the benefits of gentrification?
Attract business
Positive multiplier effect on the community
Changes a derelict area to a more vibrant one
What are the problems of gentrification?
Forces communities to move out due to rising house prices and rent
Causes social disorder (potentially riots from the working class)q
What is Crossrail?
Crossrail is a new train line that runs from Reading in the west to Shenley in the east, through London.
How many train station have been created for Crossrail?
9
How many people are benefitted by Crossrail?
1.5 million people are brought within a 45 min distance of London
55,000 full time jobs generated
What are the economic benefits of Crossrail?
Estimated £42 billion benefit to the wider UK economy
Property prices raised by 25% along the route
Extra £200 million due to increased passenger journeys.
How much of London is green?
47% - it is the greenest city in the UK
What are the benefits of urban greening in London?
Attracts tourism
Creates habitats for wildlife
Creates a natural carbon sink, improving air quality
Space for exercise
What are some economic problems caused by deindustrialisation?
Unemployment
Less taxpayers
Less money in local economy
Decline in services and shops
What are some social problems to deindustrialisation?
Homelessness / poverty
Deprivation
Increase in crime rates
What are some environmental problems caused by deindustrialisation?
Derelict factories
Urban decay
What was the reason for decline in the London Docklands?
The new ships were too large to be contained in the docks, and goods were being transported much faster by air.
What does LDDC stand for?
London Docklands Development Corporation
What is the importance of Canary Wharf?
It is the financial hub of Europe, where 100,000 people work. 700 new firms attracted to the area
What is an enterprise zone?
A tax-free incentive to attract FDI
What is a flagship scheme?
A component of a project that represents the project as a whole e.g. Canary Wharf
What were the impacts of the decline at London Docklands?
20,000 jobs lost
60% of land was derelict/underused
The unemployment rate was 18%
What is a sectoral shift?
A change in trends of employment - there was a change from secondary jobs to tertiary jobs in the London Dockland Regeneration
However this could lead to gentrification
What is a greenfield site?
Areas of land that have not already been developed, such as farmland on the rural-urban fringe.
What is a brownfield site?
An area of already developed land that which is now derelict and has potential for redevelopment, such as a factory in the inner city.
What is urban sprawl?
The unplanned growth of a city.
What protects London from urban-sprawl?
The Green-Belt around London prevents the building of houses around London and urban sprawl.
What is the evidence that suggests that Stratford is deprived?
Highest unemployment rate in London
High number of people living in temporary housing
Largest percentage of low paid residents
Why was Stratford chosen as the Olympics site?
Lots of brownfield sites
Transport links were already sophisticated
Newham already the most diverse borough making it easier to bring tourists in from abroad.
What were the social benefits of the Olympic regeneration?
A new stadium was built. which now is the stadium of West Ham FC
2 new sports venues
New Athlete’s Village, now East Village, houses 2,800 people
New school for 1,800 pupils
New local station - Stratford International Station
What were the economic benefits of the Olympic Regeneration?
International Quarter built, with high rise offices and employing 25,000 people
Attracts tourism
What were the environmental benefits of the Olympic Regeneration?
New park, Queen Elizabeth Park, which has 100 hectares of open space and is the largest in London
Polluted waterways cleared out
Urban Greening
What is ecological footprint?
The total amount of land needed to produce all of the inputs and dispose of all outputs of an individual or a population.
What is the ecological footprint of London?
Twice the size of the UK
What is the population of Curitiba?
3 million
What is the significance of pedestrianisation in Curitiba?
The city is pedestrianised - there are no roads in the centre of the city.
The Street of Flowers covers 16 blocks
How is the transport in Curitiba sustainable?
It had the first bus lanes in the world
Double articulated buses
Arterial roads from outside of the city into the city
The bus system pays for itself (it was 1% the cost of the Underground)
2 million bus users daily
Buses every 60 seconds
What is the park policy in Curitiba?
Previously unusable land turned into parks
4 x the recommended green space per person
Land use zoning in place - letting water flood into park
Urban sheep farmers keep the cost of maintaining parks down.
What are the squatter settlement policies in Curitiba?
Green exchange - collect 5 kg of rubbish for 1 kg of fresh fruit and veg
Relocating people living in unsuitable squatter settlements
People taught new skills
