Physical Landscape

Question 1

What are waves formed by

Answer 1

A wave is formed by the transfer of energy. The friction of the prevailing wind on the water causes waves

Question 2

Why do waves slow down at the beach

Answer 2

Due to friction of the water on the sand

Question 3

What are the two types of waves

Answer 3

Constructive and destructive

Question 4

What are the characteristics of constructive waves

Answer 4

A strong swash and weak backwash, often found at sheltered bays, and a flat beach

Question 5

What are the characteristics of destructive waves

Answer 5

A steep beach
a strong backwash and a weak swash, often found at headlands

Question 6

What are different attributes of waves

Answer 6

Crest, trough, wave height, wave length, wave frequency

Question 7

What is weathering

Answer 7

The breaking down of rock

Question 8

What are the different types of chemical weathering

Answer 8

Carbonation- carbonic acid in rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate

Hydrolysis - acidic water breaks down rock

Oxidation - rocks are broken down by oxygen, such as rusting

Question 9

What are different types of mechanical weathering

Answer 9

Freeze thaw weathering - water enters crack and when the temperature is below zero, the water freezes and expands by around 9 %, increasing the crack over time.

Salt weathering - salt builds up in cracks and crystallises, putting pressure on the crack

Question 10

What is mass movement

Answer 10

The downslope movement of rock, soil or mud under the influence of gravity

Question 11

What are different types of mass movement

Answer 11

Sliding - e.g. landslide - downhill movement of a large amount of rock, soil or mud

Rock fall - rock fall from a cliff face as scree

Slumping - material rotates as it falls down a concave slip plane

Question 12

What are the different types of erosion

Answer 12

Attrition, abrasion, hydraulic power, solution

Question 13

What is attrition

Answer 13

The grinding of load particles - rocks hitting each other wear them out to make smoother pebbles

Question 14

What is hydraulic action

Answer 14

Force of destructive waves on rock

Question 15

What is abrasion

Answer 15

The sand paper effect of sand and shingle on rock

Question 16

what is the name given to the process that transports sediment across a shoreline

Answer 16

Longshore drift

Question 17

What causes sediment to be dropped

Answer 17

A spit, where the shore ends
A loss of energy, in sheltered bays where constructive waves don’t have a lot of energy
large expanses of flat beach, where the swash spreads over a large area

Question 18

What is the name given to erosion which occurs at different rates on a coastline

Answer 18

Differential erosion

Question 19

What is a coastline called where there are alternating bands of rock

Answer 19

Discordant coastline

Question 20

Are headlands usually made of hard or soft rock

Answer 20

Hard rock as they have not eroded

Question 21

Give some characteristics of a wave cut platform

Answer 21

Covered at high tide and exposed at low tide
Slopes gently down to the sea

Question 22

Give four coastal landforms

Answer 22

Cave
Arch
Stack
Stump

Question 23

What are the different dunes in the dune progression (starting nearest to the water)

Answer 23

Embryo dunes
Grey dune
Yellow dune
Wasting dunes

Question 24

How is a dune formed

Answer 24

Sand is carried by wind and transported by saltation, hits an obstacle and is deposited

Question 25

Where are spits formed

Answer 25

At a bend in the coastline or at an estuary

Question 26

What causes deposition of sediment

Answer 26

Loss of energy

Question 27

What is longshore drift

Answer 27

The movement of sediment along a coastline due to a prevailing wind

Question 28

Name four methods of hard engineering used in coastal management

Answer 28

Sea walls Gabions Groynes Rock armour

Question 29

What is the downside of groynes

Answer 29

Can cause erosion further down a coast Known as terminal groyne syndrome

Question 30

What are three methods of soft engineering

Answer 30

Beach nourishment Dune regeneration Beach reprofiling

Question 31

What is managed retreat

Answer 31

Allowing the natural erosion to occur in a controlled manner

Question 32

What are four types of sediment transportation

Answer 32

Solution Saltation Traction Suspension

Question 33

Why is sediment deposited in rivers

Answer 33

The velocity falls

Question 34

What is the long profile of a river

Answer 34

The gradient of the river as it journeys from source to mouth

Question 35

What is the load like in the upper course

Answer 35

Large, jagged as they have not been eroded

Question 36

In which course is the velocity of a river the highest

Answer 36

Lower course

Question 37

In which courses are vertical erosion and lateral erosion more prevalent

Answer 37

Upper - mostly vertical Middle - less vertical, more lateral Lower - very little vertical, mostly lateral

Question 38

What is the cross profile like in the upper course of a river

Answer 38

V-shaped valley, interlocking spurs

Question 39

What is the cross profile like in the lower course

Answer 39

Wider with flood plains on either side

Question 40

Name two landforms found in the upper course of a river

Answer 40

Interlocking spurs Waterfall Gorge Rapids

Question 41

What must the type of rock be like for a waterfall to form

Answer 41

A junction between hard rock and soft rock so differential erosion occurs

Question 42

Name the key terms involved in the formation of a waterfall

Answer 42

Hard / Soft rock Differential erosion Cap rock Plunge pool Splashback hydraulic action

Question 43

Name two landforms found in the middle course

Answer 43

Meanders Oxbow lake Floodplain

Question 44

Name two landforms found in the lower course

Answer 44

Levees Floodplains Estuary

Question 45

What are the characteristics of the inside bend of a meander

Answer 45

Slip off slope Gentle gradient Sediment deposited due to lower energy Slow flowing water

Question 46

What are the characteristics of the outside bend of a meander

Answer 46

Fast flowing water River cliff due to erosion

Question 47

State the key terms in the formation of a meander

Answer 47

Riffles - shallow areas Pools - deep areas Corkscrew motion Helicoidal flow

Question 48

How is an ox-bow lake formed

Answer 48

Two necks of a meander are connected as the river floods and takes the straightest path possible

Question 49

What are levees

Answer 49

Naturally raised river banks

Question 50

How is a levee formed

Answer 50

A river bursts its banks and floods Sediment is deposited due to friction and loss of energy Heavier sediment dropped closest to river Finer sediment, such as silt and alluvium, dropped further from river

Question 51

Why do levees not necessarily decrease flooding

Answer 51

The bed of the river also raises due to deposited sediment

Question 52

What are some characteristics of an estuary

Answer 52

May be very wide and has a large body of water High tidal range Mudflats Salt marshes

Question 53

What is interception

Answer 53

The rainfall is prevented from reaching the ground as it is intercepted by trees and other obstacles

Question 54

What is infiltration

Answer 54

Water sinks into rock or soil

Question 55

What is surface runoff

Answer 55

Water flowing on top of the ground

Question 56

How can geology increase flood risk

Answer 56

Hard rocks, such as in mountains, can be impermeable and therefore reduce infiltration and increase surface runoff

Question 57

How can relief increase flood risk

Answer 57

Steep slopes mean that the surface runoff is greater than the infiltration

Question 58

How can urban land use increase flood risk

Answer 58

Increased building on greenfield sites reduces infiltration due to tarmac and concrete surfaces Disappearing gardens - many people are converting gardens into paved areas, for parking or other reasons

Question 59

How is rural land use increasing flood risk

Answer 59

Felling trees reduces interception and absorption of water from roots, increase surface runoff Farming - furrows can increase surface runoff Disappearing fields - they can be sold to developers

Question 60

What does the rising limb show on a hydrograph

Answer 60

How quickly the discharge of a river is increasing

Question 61

What is the lag time

Answer 61

The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

Question 62

What does base flow show

Answer 62

The normal discharge - can be used to compare against the discharge measured during rainfall

Question 63

What are four hard engineering strategies which reduce flood risk

Answer 63

Dams and reservoirs Channel straightening Embankments Flood relief channels

Question 64

What are four soft engineering strategies which reduce flood risk

Answer 64

Flood plain zoning Planting trees River restoration Flood warnings and preparation

Question 65

What is an example of a relief channel in the UK

Answer 65

Jubilee River - located near Windsor, Eton and Old Windsor

Question 66

How much did the Jubilee river cost

Answer 66

£110 million

Question 67

How many weirs does the Jubilee River have

Answer 67

5

Question 68

What are some social issues that arose from the Jubilee River

Answer 68

Affluent areas such as Windsor and Eton were protected from flooding, whereas the less wealthy areas of Wraysbury and Old Windsor are prone to higher risk of flooding due to higher discharge Some weirs are not navigable by paddle boaters

Question 69

What are some environmental issues that arose from the Jubilee river

Answer 69

Extensive flooding downstream where the flood relief channel re-joined the Thames Algae build up behind the weirs, disrupting ecosystems

Question 70

What are some economic issues that arose from the Jubilee river

Answer 70

Huge maintenance costs - the initial repair bill for Slough weir after flooding was £680,000 EA ran short of money as there was a projected cost of £330 million for four relief channels