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Geography > Physical Landscape > Flashcards

Physical Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

What are waves formed by

A

A wave is formed by the transfer of energy. The friction of the prevailing wind on the water causes waves

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2
Q

Why do waves slow down at the beach

A

Due to friction of the water on the sand

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3
Q

What are the two types of waves

A

Constructive and destructive

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of constructive waves

A

A strong swash and weak backwash, often found at sheltered bays, and a flat beach

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of destructive waves

A

A steep beach
a strong backwash and a weak swash, often found at headlands

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6
Q

What are different attributes of waves

A

Crest, trough, wave height, wave length, wave frequency

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7
Q

What is weathering

A

The breaking down of rock

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8
Q

What are the different types of chemical weathering

A

Carbonation- carbonic acid in rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate

Hydrolysis - acidic water breaks down rock

Oxidation - rocks are broken down by oxygen, such as rusting

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9
Q

What are different types of mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw weathering - water enters crack and when the temperature is below zero, the water freezes and expands by around 9 %, increasing the crack over time.

Salt weathering - salt builds up in cracks and crystallises, putting pressure on the crack

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10
Q

What is mass movement

A

The downslope movement of rock, soil or mud under the influence of gravity

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11
Q

What are different types of mass movement

A

Sliding - e.g. landslide - downhill movement of a large amount of rock, soil or mud

Rock fall - rock fall from a cliff face as scree

Slumping - material rotates as it falls down a concave slip plane

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12
Q

What are the different types of erosion

A

Attrition, abrasion, hydraulic power, solution

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13
Q

What is attrition

A

The grinding of load particles - rocks hitting each other wear them out to make smoother pebbles

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14
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

Force of destructive waves on rock

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15
Q

What is abrasion

A

The sand paper effect of sand and shingle on rock

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16
Q

what is the name given to the process that transports sediment across a shoreline

A

Longshore drift

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17
Q

What causes sediment to be dropped

A

A spit, where the shore ends
A loss of energy, in sheltered bays where constructive waves don’t have a lot of energy
large expanses of flat beach, where the swash spreads over a large area

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18
Q

What is the name given to erosion which occurs at different rates on a coastline

A

Differential erosion

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19
Q

What is a coastline called where there are alternating bands of rock

A

Discordant coastline

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20
Q

Are headlands usually made of hard or soft rock

A

Hard rock as they have not eroded

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21
Q

Give some characteristics of a wave cut platform

A

Covered at high tide and exposed at low tide
Slopes gently down to the sea

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22
Q

Give four coastal landforms

A

Cave
Arch
Stack
Stump

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23
Q

What are the different dunes in the dune progression (starting nearest to the water)

A

Embryo dunes
Grey dune
Yellow dune
Wasting dunes

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24
Q

How is a dune formed

A

Sand is carried by wind and transported by saltation, hits an obstacle and is deposited

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25
Q

Where are spits formed

A

At a bend in the coastline or at an estuary

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26
Q

What causes deposition of sediment

A

Loss of energy

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27
Q

What is longshore drift

A

The movement of sediment along a coastline due to a prevailing wind

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28
Q

Name four methods of hard engineering used in coastal management

A

Sea walls
Gabions
Groynes
Rock armour

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29
Q

What is the downside of groynes

A

Can cause erosion further down a coast
Known as terminal groyne syndrome

30
Q

What are three methods of soft engineering

A

Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration
Beach reprofiling

31
Q

What is managed retreat

A

Allowing the natural erosion to occur in a controlled manner

32
Q

What are four types of sediment transportation

A

Solution
Saltation
Traction
Suspension

33
Q

Why is sediment deposited in rivers

A

The velocity falls

34
Q

What is the long profile of a river

A

The gradient of the river as it journeys from source to mouth

35
Q

What is the load like in the upper course

A

Large, jagged as they have not been eroded

36
Q

In which course is the velocity of a river the highest

A

Lower course

37
Q

In which courses are vertical erosion and lateral erosion more prevalent

A

Upper - mostly vertical
Middle - less vertical, more lateral
Lower - very little vertical, mostly lateral

38
Q

What is the cross profile like in the upper course of a river

A

V-shaped valley, interlocking spurs

39
Q

What is the cross profile like in the lower course

A

Wider with flood plains on either side

40
Q

Name two landforms found in the upper course of a river

A

Interlocking spurs
Waterfall
Gorge
Rapids

41
Q

What must the type of rock be like for a waterfall to form

A

A junction between hard rock and soft rock so differential erosion occurs

42
Q

Name the key terms involved in the formation of a waterfall

A

Hard / Soft rock
Differential erosion
Cap rock
Plunge pool
Splashback
hydraulic action

43
Q

Name two landforms found in the middle course

A

Meanders
Oxbow lake
Floodplain

44
Q

Name two landforms found in the lower course

A

Levees
Floodplains
Estuary

45
Q

What are the characteristics of the inside bend of a meander

A

Slip off slope
Gentle gradient
Sediment deposited due to lower energy
Slow flowing water

46
Q

What are the characteristics of the outside bend of a meander

A

Fast flowing water
River cliff due to erosion

47
Q

State the key terms in the formation of a meander

A

Riffles - shallow areas
Pools - deep areas
Corkscrew motion
Helicoidal flow

48
Q

How is an ox-bow lake formed

A

Two necks of a meander are connected as the river floods and takes the straightest path possible

49
Q

What are levees

A

Naturally raised river banks

50
Q

How is a levee formed

A

A river bursts its banks and floods
Sediment is deposited due to friction and loss of energy
Heavier sediment dropped closest to river
Finer sediment, such as silt and alluvium, dropped further from river

51
Q

Why do levees not necessarily decrease flooding

A

The bed of the river also raises due to deposited sediment

52
Q

What are some characteristics of an estuary

A

May be very wide and has a large body of water
High tidal range
Mudflats
Salt marshes

53
Q

What is interception

A

The rainfall is prevented from reaching the ground as it is intercepted by trees and other obstacles

54
Q

What is infiltration

A

Water sinks into rock or soil

55
Q

What is surface runoff

A

Water flowing on top of the ground

56
Q

How can geology increase flood risk

A

Hard rocks, such as in mountains, can be impermeable and therefore reduce infiltration and increase surface runoff

57
Q

How can relief increase flood risk

A

Steep slopes mean that the surface runoff is greater than the infiltration

58
Q

How can urban land use increase flood risk

A

Increased building on greenfield sites reduces infiltration due to tarmac and concrete surfaces
Disappearing gardens - many people are converting gardens into paved areas, for parking or other reasons

59
Q

How is rural land use increasing flood risk

A

Felling trees reduces interception and absorption of water from roots, increase surface runoff
Farming - furrows can increase surface runoff
Disappearing fields - they can be sold to developers

60
Q

What does the rising limb show on a hydrograph

A

How quickly the discharge of a river is increasing

61
Q

What is the lag time

A

The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

62
Q

What does base flow show

A

The normal discharge - can be used to compare against the discharge measured during rainfall

63
Q

What are four hard engineering strategies which reduce flood risk

A

Dams and reservoirs
Channel straightening
Embankments
Flood relief channels

64
Q

What are four soft engineering strategies which reduce flood risk

A

Flood plain zoning
Planting trees
River restoration
Flood warnings and preparation

65
Q

What is an example of a relief channel in the UK

A

Jubilee River - located near Windsor, Eton and Old Windsor

66
Q

How much did the Jubilee river cost

A

£110 million

67
Q

How many weirs does the Jubilee River have

A

5

68
Q

What are some social issues that arose from the Jubilee River

A

Affluent areas such as Windsor and Eton were protected from flooding, whereas the less wealthy areas of Wraysbury and Old Windsor are prone to higher risk of flooding due to higher discharge
Some weirs are not navigable by paddle boaters

69
Q

What are some environmental issues that arose from the Jubilee river

A

Extensive flooding downstream where the flood relief channel re-joined the Thames
Algae build up behind the weirs, disrupting ecosystems

70
Q

What are some economic issues that arose from the Jubilee river

A

Huge maintenance costs - the initial repair bill for Slough weir after flooding was £680,000
EA ran short of money as there was a projected cost of £330 million for four relief channels

Geography (8 decks)

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