Urban Issues And Challenges

Question 1

Urbanisation

Answer 1

Happens faster in poorer countries
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas
Cause by rural –> urban migration and natural increase
Push factors – natural disasters, desertification, conflicts or war, mechanisation
Pull factors – more jobs, better quality of life
Natural increase – when birthrate is higher than the death rate
Urbanisation is leading to growth of megacities

Question 2

UK cities

Answer 2

Central business district – middle of town, main public buildings and transport
In the city – residential, businesses, recreational parks
Rural-urban fringe – edge of city, farmland, business parks
Suburbs – towards edge of city, mainly residential with semi-detached

Question 3

Change in the UK cities

Answer 3

Urban changes creates opportunities and challenges
Regeneration projects help make city centres more attracted
Opportunities – immigrant communities attracted, multicultural – redevelopment presents opportunities for new investment – parks and open spaces incorporated into regenerated areas
Challenges – industrial decline causes decrease in wealthy people move away – deprived areas linked to poor healthcare education and jobs – derelict land leads to brownfield sites

Question 4

Change in UK cities case study

Answer 4

Manchester
Regenerated twice- knocked down terraced housing as too small damp run down and dirty
Replaced with Crescent – lots of houses in small space – lead to high crime and drugs
Replaced Crescent – modern environmentally friendly housing
Schools built to educate adults with no GCSEs, education centre is more popular, more training more CVs better jobs

Question 5

Suitable urban living

Answer 5

Urban areas need to become more sustainable
Water conservation schemes – water meters, collecting rainwater, educating
Energy conservation schemes – promoting renewable energy resources, governments incentives to make homes more energy-efficient, encourage people
Creating green space – courage people to exercise, reduce flooding risk, reduce air pollution
Waste recycling – more recycling means fewer resources used so less waste produced meaning less in landfill

Question 6

Traffic management

Answer 6

Environmental problems – air pollution, greenhouse gases, climate change
Economic – late for work, delayed deliveries, lose money
Social – higher chance of accidents, frustration, health issues, delay emergency vehicles
Public transport reduces traffic
Traffic flow managed by- trains, underground, self-service bikes, park-and-ride, airports, ports, smart motorways, bus lane, congestion charges

Question 7

Urban growth opportunities and challenges

Answer 7

Social opportunities – better access to services, better access to resources
Economic opportunities – increases economic development, more jobs and better wages, industries make greater profits
Social economic challenges – overcrowded, basic services, no education, unemployment
Environmental challenges – rubbish not collected, pollution, sewage, traffic

Question 8

Urban growth – case study

Answer 8

Rio