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Geography > Urban issues and challenges - 2 > Flashcards

Urban issues and challenges - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Growth in proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas

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2
Q

What are High Income Countries?

A
  • More economically developed, urbanisation happens earlier than in LICs and NEEs
  • Slow rates of urban growth
  • Good transport and communication networks mean people in HICs can live in rural areas and commute
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3
Q

What are Low Income Countries?

A
  • Less economically developed

* Fastest Rate of urbanisation in world

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4
Q

What are Newly Emerging Economies?

A
  • Economic development Increasing rapidly

* Percentage of population living in urban areas varies

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5
Q

What is Rural Urban Migration?

A
  • Movement of people from the countryside to the cities

* Rate of it affected by push/pull factors that causes people to migrate

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6
Q

What are Push Factors?

A

Things that encourage people to leave an area: natural disasters, mechanisation, desertification, conflict, droughts, lack of employment

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7
Q

What are Pull factors?

A

Things that encourage people to move to an area: more jobs, better paid, better health care and education, join family members, better quality of life

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8
Q

How is Urbanisation caused?

A
  • Natural Increase

* Rural-urban migration

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9
Q

What is Natural Increase?

A

Birth rate is higher than death rate

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10
Q

What is a Megacity?

A

Urban area with over 10 million people living there

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11
Q

What does High rates of Urbanisation lead it?

A

Growth of mega cities

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12
Q

What is Economic change?

A

Causing cities in countries of different levels of development

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13
Q

What are the Social opportunities in NEEs and LICs?

A
  • Better access to health cate and education

* Better access to resources - clean water supply & electricity

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14
Q

What are the Economic opportunities of NEEs and LICs?

A
  • More people move to urban areas - more jobs & better wages than rural areas
  • Manufactured goods make greater profits than unprocessed goods
  • Growth of urban industrial areas increases economic development
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15
Q

What are the Social and Economic challenges in NEEs and LICs?

A

Live In squatter settlements - badly built, overcrowded, no access to basic services, unclean conditions, lack of medical services mean people have poor health, bad education so have little bad and work for long hours, high level of unemployment

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16
Q

What are the Environment challenge in NEEs and LICs?

A
  • Waste disposal services, sewage systems and environmental regulations can’t keep up if cities grow rapidly
  • So rubbish everywhere, damages environment, especially if toxic
  • Air pollution comes from burning fuels from factories
  • Sewage & toxic chemicals get into rivers , harming wildlife
  • Cogestion causes increased greenhouse gas emissions
17
Q

What is Sustainable Urban Living?

A
  • Live in cities in ways that don’t pollute the environment

* Using resources in ways so future generations can use them

18
Q

Define Water Conservation

A

Reducing amount of water used

19
Q

What is the process of Water Conservation?

A
  • Collect rainwater for gardens & flushing toilets
  • Installing water meters & toilets that flush less water
  • Educating people on using less water
20
Q

Define Energy Conservation

A

Using less fossil fuels can reduce rate of climate change

21
Q

What is the process of Energy Conservation?

A
  • Promoting renewable energy sources
  • Making homes more energy efficient
  • Encouraging people to use energy
22
Q

Define Creating Green Space

A

In urban areas this can improve places for people who want to live there

23
Q

What is the process of Creating Green Space?

A
  • Providing natural cooler areas for people to relax in
  • Encourages people to exercise
  • Reduces risk of flooding from surface runoff
24
Q

Define Waste Recycling

A

More of this means fewer resources used, less waste reduces amount that goes to landfill

25
Q

What is the process of Waste Recycling?

A
  • Collection of household waste
  • More local recycling facilities
  • Greater awareness of benefits in recycling
26
Q

What is the background and location for London’s Olympic Park?

A

East village built as the Athletes Village for 2012 Olympic & converted into new homes after games

27
Q

What were the Sustainable Strategies for London’s Olympic Park?

A
  • Green open spaces - 19 hectares of parkland to clean air and encourage wildlife
  • Green roofs
  • 50% less water usage by recycling water
  • High building standards for energy efficiency & insulation, 30% less energy used
28
Q

Define Brownfield Sites

A

Area of land that’s been previously used, but become vacant, contaminated or derelict

29
Q

What are the Environmental problems of Traffic Congestion?

A

Increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that leads to climate change

30
Q

What are the Economic problems of Traffic Congestion?

A

Make people late for work & business deliveries take longer causing companies to loose money

31
Q

What are the Social problems of Traffic Congestion?

A
  • Greater risk of accidents
  • Cause of frustration
  • Leas to health issues for pedestrians
32
Q

What are the Solutions to Traffic Congestion?

A
  • Widen roads to allow more traffic to flow easily
  • Introduce park & ride
  • Build ring roads & bypasses to keep traffic out of city centres
  • Encourage car-sharing schemes
  • Have public transport, cycle lanes, cycle hire schemes
  • Congestion charged discourages drivers from entering busy city centres
33
Q

What is the Traffic Management in London with Santander Cycles (Boris bikes)?

A
  • Develop its integrated transport system to encourage more people to use public transport
  • Invested in cycle routes & hiring schemes
  • Cycle Superhighways provide protected space for cycling in busy parts of London - connecting stations, town centres, key destinations which make easier for people to cycle to
34
Q

Define Urban Regeneration

A

Investment in revival of old, urban areas by improving what is there or clearing it away & rebuilding

Geography (10 decks)

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