Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Urbanisation?

A

Growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

How is the rate of urbanisation different in HIC LIC NEE

A

HIC - Slowest rates, already urbanised, more counter urbanisation and older population leading to less natural increase - usually under 1 %

NEE - Increasing rapidly with some exceptions eg. Brazil which urbanised earlier - Typically around 2%

LIC - Fast rates of urbanisation up to 6%, majority of the population live rural. Urban areas have lower aged populations so natural increase is higher because of increasing birth rates and better life expectancy because of better healthcare than rural. - 6%

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3
Q

What is a megacity?

What is leading to megacities?

A

Urban areas with a population of over 10 million - currently 34 (2020) compared to 4 in 1975

Fast rates of urbanisation

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4
Q

What causes urbanisation?

A

Rural-Urban Migration

Natural Increase - birth rates exceed death rates

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5
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas?

A

55%

Always increasing

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6
Q

What are push factors that lead to urbanisation? x3

A

Natural disasters - damage property and crops. Rural areas have fewer resources to recover.

Mechanised Agriculture - less work in the primary sector so people move to the city to work in secondary and tertiary sectors.

Desertification - makes land unproductive so farmers can no longer support themselves

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7
Q

What are the pull factors that lead to urbanisation? x4

A

More and better-paid job opportunities

Better access to health care and educational opportunities

Family members may live in the urban area

Belief that there will be a better quality of life in the urban area

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8
Q

What affects where people live in the UK?

How has it affected distribution of cities?

A

The relief (shape of the land)

Upland regions sparsely populated - North Scotland
Coastal regions have attracted settlements - Key ports have grown into major cities eg. Liverpool
SE densely populated (lowlands as they are easier to build on) - London
Mineral Wealth - has lead to rapid population growth due industries developing eg Leeds

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9
Q

What is a conurbation?

A

Towns that have merged to form continuous urban areas with high population densities

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10
Q

Definition of sustainable living?

A

Living in a way that lets people meet their needs now without reducing the ability for people to meet their needs in the future

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11
Q

State four ways UK cities can become more sustainable.

A

Water conservation schemes

Energy conservation schemes

Urban greening

Recycling waste

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12
Q

How can we use water conservation increase sustainability?

A

Only as much water should be taken from the environment as can be naturally replaced

Water conservation reduces water use by:
- Collecting rainwater for flushing toilets and gardens
- Installing water meters that make people pay for the water they use, makes people more conscious
- Installing water efficient toilets
- Encourage people to turn off taps to use less water

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13
Q

Name 4 examples of energy conservation schemes

A

Promoting renewable energy

Encourage people to make their homes more energy efficient - upgrade insulation + double glazing

Making sure all new homes meet the minium energy efficiency requirement

Encourage people to reduce car use - Public transport

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14
Q

What are the social benefits of urban greening? x2

A

Ensure cities remain a place that people want to live and work by:

-Providing places where people can relax away from dirty and noisy streets
- Encourage people to exercise more - has economic benefits eg. healthcare

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15
Q

What are the environmental benefits of urban greening? x2 + example

A

Reduce air pollution by creating pockets of green air

Reduce the risk of flooding by creating permeable surfaces

Leeds is planning to build the biggest urban green space in England; 3.5 hectare AIRE PARK

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16
Q

What are the benefits of recycling waste in cities? x2

A

Fewer resources need to be made - decreasing pollution

Less waste goes to landfills which is unsustainable - decomposing landfill releases greenhouse gases

17
Q

Example of sustainable urban living?

How is it sustainable? x6

A

CITU Leeds

  • Located in the inner city allows residents to walk
  • Triple glazed windows minimises energy usage - uses 10x less energy than a conventional house
  • Solar paneled roofs
  • Multigenerational settlement (NOT COMMUTER)
  • Rainwater collection - example of water conservation scheme
  • Urban greening
18
Q

Example of a traffic management scheme?

A

London Congestion charge

19
Q

Why was the London Congestion charge needed? x3

A

Low air quality

High traffic

High number of accidents

20
Q

How does the London congestion charge work?

A

Works in a 22km^2 area in Central London

£15 daily charge with £750 - £1500 charge if breached

Uses cameras and number plate recognition

21
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the London congestion charge?

A

Advantages
Produced much revenue for improving the public transport due to fines
Improved air quality
More people using PT

Disadvantages
Disadvantaged businesses due to reduced trade
May argue that as it is such a small area it has not made any significant difference to London’s air quality

22
Q

What are the environmental, social and economic issues of traffic congestion?

A

Environmental: increased air pollution and release of greenhouse gases

Social: Higher chance of accidents and health issues due to pollution

Economic: Congestion makes people late for work causing individuals and businesses to lose money

23
Q

In 2013 what percentage of UK people lived in towns and cities?

What percentage was it in 1953

A

83

79

24
Q

Where is the most energy-efficient city in the world?

Why?

A

Reykjavik Iceland

Developed geothermal and hydroelectric power

25
Q
A