Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOGRAPHY > Changing economic world > Flashcards

Changing economic world Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What are the different measures of social development? x7

A

Literacy rate

People per doctor

Access to safe water

Infant mortality rate

Life expectancy

Birth rate

Death rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a HIC

A

A high income country where GNI per head is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a LIC

A

A low income country where GNI per head is low like afganhistan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does BRICS and MINT stand for

A

B - brazil
I - india
C - China
S - South Africa

M - Mexico
I - Indionesia
N - nigeria
T - turkey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the HDI and why is it a good way of measuring development

A

The Human Development Index is a way of measuring development while taking into account Education levels , life expectancy and income.

The combination tells us about both a countries economic status and quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development

A

Wealth disparities

Health disparities

Migration disparities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the causes of uneven development

A

Economic

Historical

Physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the economic causes of uneven development? x3

A

Poor Trade Links - Less money brought into the economy for development which may increase quality of life

Debt - Money must be paid back to countries that have given aid, sometimes with interest. Leads to less money for development

Economy based on primary products - Primary products eg. timber and cocoa are worth less than manufactured products .
Value of primary products also fluctuates and can fall below the cost of production
Wealthy countries can force down the cost of primary products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the historical causes of uneven development? x3

A

Conflict - reduces development as money spent on arms and training. Damage is done to infrastructure that must be repaired
Increase in damage to services eg, healthcare and education

Industrial revolution at different times - may lead to less manufactured products which are worth more than primary products

Colonilisation - may of prevented the colonised countries form developing their own industry.
Colonisers removed primary products and sold them as manufactured products. No profit to colonised country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Physical causes of uneven development? x5

A

Climate - May prevent crop growth - leading to malnutrition, less productivity for growth/ sale, less tax for government

Natural hazards - money spent on rebuilding and not quality of life - government cannot spend money on development

Diseases - less population can work and bring in money for development

Natural resources - fewer products to export ➡ less money from sales ➡ less tax for government➡ government cannot spend money on development projects

Land locked countries - less ability to trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are wealth and uneven development linked?

A

Uneven wealth distribution leads to a disrupted standard of living as not everyone can afford services that increase quality of life. eg. education

The rich countries give LIC’s aid however this causes the LICS debt to them and they end up paying back more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is health a consequence of uneven development?

A

LICS’s often have poor health conditions due to lack of education and money. This leads to early infant mortality and low death rates. Lower life expectancy

Lots of diseases would be easily prevented in HIC’s like diarroeah

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does uneven development affect migration?

A

People migrate from LICs to HICs in search of a higher standard of living or to flee conflict.

This can boost a nations work force which pumps more money into the economy.

However, it further increases the global development gap as the LIC now has a smaller work force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name 5 strategies that help reduce the global development gap.

A

INVESTMENT - foreign direct investment (FDI) into property and infrastructure.

AID - can be used to develop however corrupt governments may waste it.

FAIR TRADE

DEBT RELEIF - cancelling debt or lowering interest rates

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT - increases productivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is de-industrilisation?

A

The UK used to be a very industrialised country but due to increased automation led to job losses.

As other countries, NEEs, can now produce things for cheaper due to LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS the increased competition caused manufacturing to be closed

lead to shift towards the service and quaternary sector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is globalisation? How does it affect the UK

A

The world becoming closer together due to international trade and investment.

Economic growth

Cheaper goods and servicing

Foreign Investment

Out sourcing jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How has the government responded to deindustrilisation?

A

Investment in new infrastructure
Encourage foreign investment
Local enterprise partnerships - support buisnesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Counterurbanisation?

A

The movement of people from the city back to the countryside?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a greenbelt?

A

Green open spaces around cities on which there are strict planning controls to prevent urban sprawl.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an area of Population decline?

Why is their a decline?

A

Kielder - Built post WW2 as a place for logging. However the chainsaw was invented and people had no jobs.

Only 10 kids in primary school. Due to aging population and young people cannot afford to live there due to secondary homeowners, poor transport. Lower quality of life so young move to the city

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Area of population growth?

Affects?

A

Kidlington - largest village in England

Rising house prices - forcing locals to leave
Cultural erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why does the North South divide exist and what are the issues that come with it?

A

More employment opportunities in the south due to deindustrilsation.

London is financial captial
More services orientated
Less investment in education in the north

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Providing services - includes retail, tourism, education, health and banking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the primary sector

A

Exploiting of natural resources like farming and fishing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the secondary sector

A

Type of industry involved in making things - manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Section of employment that is knowledge based. eg. ICT and reasearch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is the UK moving towards a post industrial era?

A

Development of IT

Growth of service industries

Growth of finance and research

Development of science and buisness parks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the characteristics of Science and business parks?

A

Accessible - near airports/ bus routes/ train stations

Near universities to attract graduates - educated workforce

29
Q

What is the commonwealth?

A

A group of 53 countries with strong links to each other.

30
Q

Who does the UK mostly do trade with?

A

EU countries

31
Q

How might we reduce the NS divide?

A

Devolution - give more power and money to the north

32
Q

Has quality of life improved in Nigeria

A

Increased life expectancy
More schooling
More GNI per capita

All mainly due to the economic development

Still N/S divide
Rural vs Urban
Educated vs Uneducated

33
Q

Why is there still economic migrants from Nigeria?

A

60% of people living below the poverty line so many people go to work in Europe to send money back to their families in aim to then go back and live a better life with the money that they have earnt.

34
Q

What is the difference in development of countries called?

A

The global development gap

35
Q

State the two measures of economic development?

What are they?

A

Gross National Income - total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

GNI per capita - Total GNI divided by the population

36
Q

Why can GNI per capita be misleading?

A

It is an average and therefore variations don’t show up - Can be misleading

eg. Qatar has a high GNI per capita as they have a small number of extremely wealthy people and a lot of relatively poor people

37
Q

How can social indicators be misleading when measuring development?

A

If used on its own it can seem misleading - this is because as countries develop aspects before others.

A country can therefore seem more or less developed than it actually is

38
Q

What is an NEE

A

A country that is undergoing rapid economic development - usually as they are moving from an agricultural based economy to an industrial one

39
Q

What factors make up HDI (Human development index)

A

GNI per capita

Life expectancy

Education level

HDI measure between 0 and 1

40
Q

What does the DTM show?

A

How birth rates, death rates and population size are linked due to stages of development

41
Q

What is natural increase and decrease?

A

Natural increase = When the birth rate is higher than the death rate leading to population growth

Natural decrease - death rate is higher than the birth rate - population decrease

42
Q

How does birth rate change from levels 1-5 in the DTM

A

Stage 1 - High and fluctuating
Stage 2 - High and steady
Stage 3 - Rapidly falling
Stage 4 - Low and fluctuating
Stage 5 - Low and steady

42
Q

How do death rates change from stage 1-5 of the DTM

A

Stage 1 - High and fluctuating
Stage 2 - Rapidly falling
Stage 3 - Slowly falling
Stage 4 - low and fluctuating
Stage 5 - Low and steady

43
Q

Describe development in stage 2 and 3 of the dtm?

Population growth
Economy sector
Birth and death rates

A

Stage 2 Not very developed - Population rapidly increasing as high birth rates and falling death rates.
Economy based on agriculture so people have lots of children. Better healthcare leads to declining death rates

Stage 3 - More developed - Population growth rate high Birth rates fall as the use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children.
Economy changes from farming to manufacturing so fewer children are required.
Improved healthcare leads to decreasing death rates

44
Q

Describe development in stage 4 and 5 of the dtm?

Population growth
Economy sector
Birth and death rates

A

Stage 4 + 5 - Most developed countries

Stage 4 - No population increase - High standard of living

Stage 5 - population decrease due to natural decrease

45
Q

What is the issue with the DTM?

A

Only takes into account population growth from birth and death rates and not migration

46
Q

How does investment decrease the global development gap?

A

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) into an LIC or NEE increases access to technology and education.

This leads to an increase in quality of services, industry and infrastructure.

47
Q

How has numbers of tourists changed in Thailand?

A

In 2019 39.8M tourists visited Thailand instead of 9M in 2000

48
Q

How has the UK’s economy changed?

A

Changed from primary and secondary sectors to tertiary and quaternary

49
Q

Where is the quaternary sector found?

A

In business and science parks:

Outskirts of cities with good transport links
Near universities so that research within the park can work with research in the uni - Also they can attract graduates from the unis

50
Q

Why is the number of science and business parks growing?

A

Increasing demand for high tech products and science parks can develop this technology

UK has a high number of strong research universities for the parks to form links with

51
Q

State the 3 main causes for economic change in the UK

A

Deindustrialisation

Globalisation

Government policies

52
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of countries becoming more economically, politically and culturally connected.

53
Q

How have government policies lead to economic change?

A

Decisions on investment and support for businesses eg. Tax breaks

Government has carried out much deregulation which involves removing restriction on businesses to encourage entrepreneurs to move to the UK

54
Q

What is an example of a sustainable UK business?

A

The Unicorn Group is a manufacturer in Lisburn (NI).

It made its productions more sustainable by introducing solar panels and a more energy efficient boiler.
100% renewable energy source

55
Q

What affect can transport have on development?

A

Congested transport networks can limit economic development

56
Q

How has the UK improved transport? x3

A

Road - development of the M4 corridor (London, Bristol, Cardiff). Is a major high technology hub

Rail - proposed HS2 speed rail

Airport - proposal of a third runway at Heathrow - allowing an extra 700 planes a day

57
Q

Negative effects of industry on the environment? x3

A

Urban Sprawl

Air + Water pollution

Eye sores

58
Q

Evidence of NS Divide

A

Wages lower in the North

Low life expectancy in the North

GCSE results lower in the north

59
Q

State 3 ways the government can resolve NS divide

A

Devolution

Creating Enterprise Zones

Northern Powerhouse

60
Q

What is devolution?

A

Is the transfer of power to a lower level

For example in England some powers are being devolved to local councils.

This will allow them to spend money on schemes that will benefit the local community

61
Q

How will creating enterprise zones help resolve the NS divide?

A

Companies get a range of advantages for locating in enterprise zones:
Reduced tax
Simpler planning
Financial gain

Measures can be used to encourage businesses to locate in areas of high unemployment eg. Sheffield

62
Q

What is the Northern Powerhouse?

How will it reduce inequality between the north and south?

Negatives?

A

Is the government’s plan to attract investment into the North and improve transport links

70M investment

Also investment in schools.

Focuses on major cities eg. Leeds and Manchester and not smaller towns and cities

63
Q

What is intermediate technology?

A

A way of reducing the development gap by increasing industrial output through the use of simple and affordable tools and machines which are cheap and easy to maintain

64
Q

What is a post industrial economy?

A

Where manufacturing industry has been replaced by service and quaternary industries.

65
Q

How does the M4 corridor contribute to the UK’s economy?

A

London to Bristol

Hi-tech industry on the M4 corridor produces 8% of the UK’s economic output

Attractive countryside
Heathrow
Universities

66
Q

Benefits of a rural area of population growth? x3

A

Maintains the population of small towns and villages as a balance to rural-urban migration

Bring new energy to rural areas - more likely to start up businesses which lead to economic growth

It helps maintain the need for services eg. schools in rural areas which may otherwise shut

67
Q

Negatives of a rural area experiencing population growth? x3

A

Many people retire to the country side and this increases the average age

Cultural erosion

Newcomers are often wealthy or second home owners and this pushes up the average house price

68
Q

4 ways the UK has strong links to other countries?

A

Trade - EU, USA, Asia - positive relationships (social)

Culture - Strong creative industries are exported worldwide - Shaun the Sheep show in over 170 different countries.

Transport - Heathrow, International airport and transport hub. Channel tunnel links England to rest of Europe which improves links.

Electronic Communication - Trans Atlantic cables linking Europe with Asia are routed via the UK.

GEOGRAPHY (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions