Urban Issues and challenges Flashcards
what are urban areas
built up areas like towns and cities
what is a rural area
areas like countrysides that surround urban areas
what are megacities
a place that has 10 million+ inhabitants
what fraction of megacities are in LICs and NEEs
2/3
what is rural to urban migration
when people from the countryside move to the city looking for better quality of life
what is economic development
trading cities are a good place for business so grow economically which creates jobs which is a pull factor and these people help cities thrive
what is natural increase
death rates are lower than birth rates
what is urbanisation
the increase in the percentage of a population living in towns or cities
examples of push factors
drought
poverty
conflict
mechanisation
poor healthcare
access to schools
what is a push factor
push factors are negative things that make people want to move to a new area
examples of pull factors
higher mages
jobs
electricity
clean water
better healthcare
access to schools
what is a pull factor
pull factors are positive aspects that attract people to move to a place
what is a cultural mix
when a county or place has one or more cultures living close together
what is urban greening
planting trees and making more green spaces as well as increasing sustainability in order to protect the environment and increase the amount of wildlife in towns and cities
what is environmental sustainability
protecting resources so that future generations can benefit from them
what is social sustainability
making sure that local people are involved in decisions that improve their quality of life
what is economic sustainability
making sure that local people benefit financially from projects in their local area
what is urban deprivation
people in cities not having the same access to resources, services and opportunities as others
what is the spiral of decline
when a sectoral challenge e.g de-industrialisation or decline in the primary sector in a rural area creating unemployment
what is dereliction
when buildings fall into disuse - because the owners have died pr business has gone bankrupt
what are brownfield sites
land that was used and fallen into dereliction
what are greenfield sites
land that has never been built on
what 4 positives about brownfield sites
eases pressure on greenfield sites
more sustainable
revives old inner city industrial areas
new employment opportunities
gentrification
providing public transport is easier
redevelopment results in more people coming to the area
easier to get planning permission
what 4 negatives about brownfield sites
traffic congestion
contamination
traditional residents of the inner city won’t be able to afford homes due to gentrification
house prices would increase
what 4 positives about greenfield sites
land is cheaper so plots can be bigger
better access so less congestion
easier to build on
pleasant countryside environment
what 4 negatives about greenfield sites
new drainage, electricity and roads etc. would have to be built
not sustainable
sucks out the core from towns
what is urban sprawl
the expansion of an urban area into the land that surrounds the city where there is more space for housing which is lower density
what is the rural urban fringe
an area found on the edge of an urban area where urban and rural land uses are mixed such as housing estates, hospitals, golf courses and farm land that is usually under pressure from urban sprawl
what is a commuter town
a town affected by London’s urban sprawl where people live who travel to a city and they reduce the problems of urban sprawl as it means that there is better transport systems and less residential space in London
what is congestion
when there is too much traffic and movement is difficult - it costs businesses money for late deliveries, time wasted, people arriving late, increased air pollution and noise pollution
what is a sustainable city
and urban area where residents have a way of life that will last a long time and the environment isn’t damaged, local people can earn an income and are involved in decision making
