Changing economic world Flashcards
what does development measure
how advanced a country is
what are the areas a country could be developed in
social, economic, cultural or technological
what are economic indicators of development
money, jobs and business
what are social indicators of development
health and education
limitations of GNI per head
takes an average of a country so therefore isn’t accurate and not a good representative of a country
limitations of death rate
as if a country has an ageing population, then it will have a higher death rate than a young population
how to measure economic development
GNI per head
human development index
how to measure social development
birth rate
death rate
infant mortality
people per doctor
literacy rate
access to safe water
life expectancy
human development index
how many stages of the demographic transition are there
5
describe stage 1 of the DTM
low fluctuating
high birth rate as there is no contraception and people have lots of children due to poor healthcare and lack of sanitation means there is high infant mortality
death rate is high and fluctuating because of poor healthcare and life expectancy is low as there are no vaccines or medecines
overall the population growth is zero
these countries are often LICs
describe stage 2 of the DTM
early expanding
birth rate is high because agriculture and the rural economy develops and people need lots of children to work on their farms - they are seen as economic assets in countries with low levels of economic development
death rate is falling rapidly as healthcare and sanitation improve. diets are also improving so life expectancy rises and vaccines mean that children survive more diseases
population growth rate is high
countries are LICs
describe stage 3 of the DTM
late expanding
birth rate is falling rapidly as women have a more equal place in society and better education. contraception is available and more women are going to work instead of having children. economic shift to manufacturing means that children aren’t economic assets and the cost of raising a child is increasing
death rate is low as healthcare has improved and medical advancements as well as better treatment mean people survive more illnesses and diseases
population growth rate is high
counties are NEEs
describe stage 4 of the DTM
high fluctuating
birth rate is low and fluctuating as people want possessions and experiences to improve their quality of life and there isn’t a need for large families and there is more family planning. later marriages due to increased education also reduced birth rate
death rate is low as healthcare is excellent
population growth rate is low
countries are HICs
describe stage 5 of the DTM
natural decrease
birth rate is falling slowly as people have less disposable incomes as they are caring for elderly relatives who are living longer and people are focused on material wealth rather than large, expensive families
death rate is low due to excellent healthcare
population growth rate is excellent
countries are HICs
physical causes of uneven development
some places suffer from extreme weather events which can restrict agricultural output
some countries are landlocked and can often find it hard to trade by sea
some places suffer from natural hazards which can destroy buildings, kill people and set back development
some countries have few natural resources and therefore have fewer products to sell
contaminated water can cause diseases like cholera, dysentery and diarrhoea
some areas have extreme climates and poor soils which makes farming difficult
some parts of the world are affected by tropical diseases and pests due to geographical location which can affect work
economic causes of uneven development
tariffs make trade more difficult
some countries are in debt, and rather than use their income on development, they have to pay back the debt
global trade policies impose quotas and tariffs that don’t favour poor countries
countries that produce mainly primary products don’t make much money
corrupt politicians take money for themselves rather than invest in development
foreign countries are unwilling to invest in countries that have an unstable government
some countries have poor trade links and therefore income is restricted for economic development
political instability holds back development as decisions are delayed and development projects are restricted
historical causes of uneven development
colonisation and slavery went hand in hand and from 1650 - 1900, over 10 million people were transported from Africa to North America as slaves
Colonisation led to a history of dependence, where the colony depended on the European country instead of developing for itself
some countries have a long history of conflict and civil war within the country which leads to no economic stability
lengthy civil wars mean that money is spent on weapons and fighting rather than improving the economy
since 1950, many former colonies have gained independence and this have often led to political instability for power
a history of conflict leaves a lasting legacy of lack of money and investment - education and health are both likely to be poor as there would have been little investment in these areas
colonisation meant that the county’s economy was developed just to produce raw materials and goods for the colonising country
what is investment
when businesses choose to locate part of their operation in a LIC and the money they invest there can develop infrastructure, build dams for electricity and improve harbours and ports
how does investment reduce the development gap
as it supports a county’s development by providing employment and income from abroad and as economies grow, poverty decreases and education improves
advantages and disadvantages of investment
advantages:
- supports a county’s development
- provides employment and income
- decreases poverty
- better government
disadvantages:
- relies on companies being willing to invest in a country which often doesn’t happen due to corrupt government
- if infrastructure is poor, companies may not want to invest as it will cost them more money to get set up before they can start the business and earn profit
what is industrial development
investment by the government by manufacturing industries
manufactured goods can be sold at higher prices then primary products which most LICs rely upon and value is added to the primary products when they are processed to make things
how does industrial development reduce the development gap
it increases employment and leads to higher incomes for both people and the government and in turn, people can afford better housing, healthcare, education and food (this is called the multiplier effect)
advantages and disadvantages of industrial development
Advantages:
- manufactured goods can be sold at a higher price then primary products
- this increases employment and people can afford better housing, healthcare and education
- higher GNI leads to improved infrastructure
Disadvantages:
- industrial development can only be achieved when a government creates policies which encourages companies to invest in their country or invests themselves in building factories and power stations to encourage this growth
what is aid
a gift of money, goods or services to a developing country. the donor may be a group of countries or non-governmental organisation and there are different types of aid which have different conditions attached to them
how does aid help reduce the development gap
it enables a country to invest in development projects such as improving transport or power infrastructure, providing clean water supplies and sanitation or funding health and education and these long-scale projects bring long-term benefit to the country and its people
advantages and disadvantages of aid
Advantages:
- most international aid is targeted at long-term development goals for people living in LICs and NEEs
Disadvantages:
- there are different types of aid, some of which have particular conditions attached to the aid which can restrict how the money can be used
what is intermediate technology
sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local people
it must be suited to the local environment
it usually takes the form of small-scale projects that are often associated with agriculture, water or health
how does intermediate technology help reduce the development gap
people are trained to use the simple technology so that if it breaks, they can repair it themselves - it can therefore make a real different to the quality of people’s lives
advantages and disadvantages of intermediate technology
Advantages:
- when people have a more secure food or water supply they are more able to improve their health and this means children can go to school and because they are healthier and no longer have to walk miles each day to collect clean water, there is less disease in the family and adults can work more
Disadvantages:
- must be suited to the local environment
what are microfinance loans
small-scale financial support available directly from banks set up especially to help the poor
how do microfinance loans help reduce the development gap
these loans help individuals or families to start up small businesses. Success will boost the family income which leads to education, health and housing improvements. The family might also be successful enough to other local people and this leads to economic development of whole countries
advantages and disadvantages of microfinance loans
Advantages:
- people feel they can stand on their own two feet rather than depend on others or on aid
Disadvantages:
- must be paid back, it is not a ‘free hand-out’
what is debt relief
means that loans are cancelled as the world’s poorest countries pay more than USD$1.5 billion a day to richer countries and global financial institutions
how does debt relief help reduce the development gap
because loans are cancelled, poor countries can invest the money that would have gone to pay off their loans into development projects, such as industry, resources or infrastructure to reduce poverty
advantages and disadvantages of debt relief
Advantages:
- money can be used to improve quality of life
Disadvantages:
- debt relief can lead to some countries assuming that if they get into further debt, then these loans will be cancelled as well
- some countries have corrupt governments who may keep the money rather than using it to help the poor
what is fair trade
giving farmers a better price for the agricultural goods they produce and it offers a price guarantee so that if the global price falls, the farmer will still get a minimum guaranteed price for their products
how does fair trade help reduce the development gap
farmers rely on regular income so they can invest in their farms to become more profitable and they can then afford to send their children to school and can improve housing and health. part of the work is also to invest in local community development projects and farming in more eco-friendly ways
advantages and disadvantages of fair trade
Advantages:
- gives farmers a fair price for their produce and means they can rely on a regular income
Disadvantages:
- they cost consumers more, so not everyone buys them and this limits the number of farmers that can be helped
where is Jamaica
north of South America
northern hemisphere
in Carribean sea
in Atlantic Ocean
next to Haiti and Cayman Islands
why is Jamaica a popular tourist destination
it has high temperatures all year round and long sunshine hours which means that tourists can enjoy the beach and other recreational activities e.g swimming. It also has many beaches and bays which attracts tourists there for leisure activities
how has tourism helped reduce the development gap in Jamaica by contributing to economic development
- there are international hotel chains which means some profits ‘leak out’ of Jamaica and back into the home country but the Jamaican government has kept 71% of every dollar spent so the government income is higher so there are more funds for development
- the number of cruise passengers has increased to 1/3 of all visitors but they spend less than other tourists
- tourism contributed to 30% of Jamaica’s GNI in 2016 and by 2027, it is estimated to grow to 45% however, this reliance on tourism can be dangerous as tourism can easily be affected
- tourism provides over 20% governmental income which can be used for education, health and infrastructure
- tourism in Jamaica drives the rest of the economy (10% finance, 15% construction, 20% utilities and agriculture)
how has tourism helped reduce the development gap in Jamaica by contributing to social development
- tourism provides over 20% governmental income which can be used for education, health and infrastructure
- northern tourist areas such as Montego Bay and Ochos have wealthy Jamaicans with high quality housing and high standard of living have benefited most from tourism but many people live inland in poor housing with limited food, freshwater supply and access to health and education
- in Jamaican owned hotels (e.g Sandals) profits stay in Jamaica and they work with local communities to employ local people and employs local farmers to supply their food which has increased to 3,000 farmers
- tourism employs over 300,000 Jamaicans but many of these jobs are seasonal and are only based on the northern coast only
why is Nigeria important regionally
- Nigeria is part of the African Union, an economic planning and peacekeeping group which prevents war so countries can invest money in development
- Nigeria has the largest agricultural output and largest number of cattle in Africa so they can supply beef/ cattle to the rest of Africa to reduce inequalities
- Nigeria is a member of ECOWAS which is a trading group that allows Nigeria to trade products for economic gain as well as easily importing products
- Nigeria has the highest GNI in Africa and 3rd largest manufacturing sector which provides many products to Africa as well as the rest of the world which causes an economic boost
why is Nigeria important internationally
- Nigeria supplies 2.7% of all the world’s oil and is the 12th largest producer which supplies many other countries which rely on oil and therefore gives Nigeria power
- Nigeria is currently the 5th largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping missions and this prevents war and allows Nigeria to invest more into development
- in 2014, Nigeria became the world’s fastest growing economy and this means that they are producing more and gaining more money to invest in development
- Nigeria is predicted to have to world’s highest average GNI growth rate and it can then invest this money into development
how has Nigeria’s political context promoted development?
it has had a government for 24 years which causes a stable economy with it’s country’s best interests at heart which leads to development
how has Nigeria’s political context hindered development?
it was run by Britain and when it left, it had a power vacuum which caused many people to fight over who should run/ own it and left no one running it
how has Nigeria’s cultural context promoted development?
as the interest in culture brings in money to the economy and gives it popularity across the globe which may also attract tourists
how has Nigeria’s cultural context hindered development?
as it can lead to terrorist attacks and it can also cause Nigeria to be seen as really good and advanced even though 40% of the population live on less that $1 per day
how has Nigeria’s environmental context promoted development?
high value foods as be grown (e.g palm oil and avocados) and this provides economic gain from counties that want these foods so you can then reinvest this profit
how has Nigeria’s environmental context hindered development?
as it can be hard to grow a variety of crops due to its hot climate and well as the heat making diseases spread easily
how has Nigeria’s social context promoted development?
as if all ethnic/ religious groups then it can lead to a diverse culture in agreement with all groups being seen and heard
how has Nigeria’s social context hindered development?
it can lead to tension within the country as well as it being a target for terrorist attacks
what is the industrial structure
the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy
what is the primary sector
the type of employment that involves gathering raw materials from the earth e.g farming or fishing
what is the secondary sector
the type of employment that involves manufacturing, building or processing raw materials into finished products, usually in factories
what is the tertiary sector
the type of employment that provides a service e.g sales, banking or caring
what is the quaternary sector
a new type of sector that involves high-technology industries involved in research
what is a LIC
the subdivision of countries that in 2022, has a GNI per head of less than $1,085
what is a NEE
countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development usually from industiaralisation and no longer rely primarily on agriculture
what is a HIC
the subdivision of countries that in 2022, has a GNI per head of more than $13,205
how has Nigeria’s industrial structure changed
- the government or a TNC (shell) invests in a place (Nigeria) by opening a factory
- the new industry creates jobs so people move the area and the new workers pay taxes which the government can invest
- the government invests in new infrastructure, education and health services e.g Shell established social programs such as the Shell Scholars to promote education
- workers are needed to build the new facilities and infrastructure needed in the area
- incomes rise as people are employed in secondary employment and they now have higher disposable incomes e.g Shell employs 65,000 Nigerians
- New shops and services open in the area and cater for the new consumer society that has emerged
- more investment leads to a better educated workforce which attracts more industrial growth e.g Shell now spend US$15 million a year on scholarship programs
- industries themselves also pay taxes so the government income increases which leads to even more economic development
- as industries grow, they stimulate growth in a chain of connected industries e.g more than 250,000 jobs are created in related industries because of Shell’s oil production
- this leads to further investment and economic development e.g Shell gives 90% of it contracts to Nigerian countries
why are TNCs important for industrial development
as they invest money in a LIC or NEE and most of this is in manufacturing industries which is where primary goods are processed into usable goods and he global price for these products are higher and more stable than for primary goods, so the LIC or NEE can raise its GNI and the government can then invest in infrastructure and service improvements
what is a TNC
a TNC (transnational corporation) is a large company that operates in several countries and it usually has its HQ in a HIC with production plants in others and they locate in LICs and NEEs to take advantage of cheaper labour, lower taxes, access to wider markets and lower environmental laws
advantages on TNC (in Nigeria)
-provides employment - Shell directly employs 65,000 Nigerians
- Shell supports the growth of Nigeria’s energy sector, leading to electricity improvements
- Shell’s oil extraction and refining supports 250,000 jobs in related industries which leads to the multiplier effect
- TNCs make major contributions in taxes and export revenues to LICs and NEEs e.g Nigeria has received almost US$50 billion from Shell since 2011
- Many TNCs establish charity programs e.g Shell invested US$15 million in scholarships
- TNCs bring investment, modern technology and skills to LICs and NEEs e.g Nigeria averages US$5 billion of foreign direct investment a year
- TNCs often push up wages as they pay more than local companies and higher wages encourage people to leave farming to work in industry, so farming becomes more efficient
disadvantages on TNC (in Nigeria)
- Shell Nigeria is owned by Royal Dutch Shell, a British & Dutch TNC so profits don’t all stay in Nigeria and economic leakage occurs
- environmental issues are common as laws in many LICs and NEEs are weak e.g a Dutch court ruled that Shell is liable for damage to the Niger Delta (1.3 million tonnes of soil and water polluted since 1956)
- workers often work long hours for low pay in TNCs factories and Amnesty International have asked Shell to improve their record in human rights
- many LICs and NEEs lack environmental regulations and TNCs take advantage of this which can lead to serious environmental consequences e.g over 1,500 oil spills in the Niger Delta region since 2007
Nigeria’s trading relationships
- Britain has had a trading relationship with West Africa for over 300 years. From 1650, the British traded enslaved African people and took them to America and the Caribbean. When slavery was made illegal in 1807, trade with West Africa turned to palm oil, used in Britain to make soap
- A pattern of trade was established with the British Empire where Nigeria exported natural commodities to Britain and, in exchange, imported manufactured goods. Nigeria still trades with the UK, but more of its trade is now with some of the world’s largest economies including the USA, China and India. Since independence, oil has replaced other natural commodities as Nigeria’s main export, along with natural gas, rubber, cocoa and cotton. Nigeria still imports manufactured goods like machinery, chemicals and transport equipment e.g. cars from Brazil and the USA, as well as telephones, rice and wheat.
Nigeria’s political relationships
- Nigeria was ruled by Britain until its independence in 1960
- Nigeria now has political freedom and equal status with all countries including the UK. It has established other political links, especially across Africa e.g African Union, ECOWAS, CEN-SAD, OPEC and United Nations
what are the three types of aid
Bilateral
Multilateral
Voluntary
what is bilateral aid
aid given from one country to another
what is multilateral aid
aid that comes from international organisations e.g world bank
what is voluntary aid
aid that comes from non-governmental organisations e.g oxfam
example of bilateral aid (+ impacts)
the UK Department for Education spent £30 million to fund Women for Health to improve quality and quantity of female health workers in northern Nigeria
- three new government funded health training institutes have been established in the northern state of Kano offering women a foundation training year
- 70% of female graduates have moved on to further study, paid employment or are acting as local champions or in their own community
- by the end of 2015 there were an additional 3,600 female graduates from health training institutes across northern Nigeria
example of multilateral aid (+ impacts)
in 2015, the World Bank approved US$500 million to improve maternal and child health as part of Nigeria’s Saving one million lives’ goal
- the number of child immunisations has dropped along with the use of contraceptives, both put down to poor access to drugs in rural areas
- there has been an increase in the number of baby deliveries attended by skilled healthcare professionals across Nigeria
- there has been a 15% decline in children newly infected with HIV and an increase from 16% to 29% in the proportion of HIV-positive mothers to starting HIV treatment
example of voluntary aid (+ impacts)
Christian Aid oversees the Nets for Life project which provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets to households
- community control agents have raised awareness of the causes of malaria from 46% to 92% of the population in local communities
- over 100,000 infant deaths have been prevented through the use of nets and education in all the Sub-Saharan countries involved in the project
- since 2007 over 400,000 nets have been distributed to remote villages through church and community groups
what are the environmental impacts of economic development (+ explain)
industrial growth
urban growth
mining and oil extraction
commercial farming and deforestation
explain industrial growth and effects
Nigeria has about 5000 registered industrial plants and 10,000 illegal small-scale industries. The fast and unregulated growth of industry has led to environmental problems:
- In Kano, Kaduna and Lagos, many harmful pollutants go directly into open drains and water channels. They are harmful to people and damage ecosystems downstream.
- 70 to 80% of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed through logging, agriculture, urban expansion, roads and industrial development.
explain urban growth and effects
As Nigeria has developed, urban areas have grown rapidly. Lagos grows by around 2,000 people a day. This rate of urbanisation has brought many challenges.
- Squatter settlements are common in most cities and in Lagos, the floating slum Makoko is infamous. It is built on stilts and barrels floating on the river beneath one of the city’s main bridges.
- Services have failed to keep pace with the rate of economic growth and waste disposal has become a major issue.
- Traffic congestion is a major problem in most Nigerian cities, leading to high levels of exhaust emissions. Some green belts and recreational areas are being converted into building sites.
- The development of the capital city, Abuja, has resulted in areas of rich natural vegetation being replaced by concrete. Extensive bush burning has damaged trees and wildlife species, and biodiversity has been reduced.
explain mining and oil extraction and effects
Mining and extraction of raw materials and precious metals – particularly oil – can lead to serious pollution. These can damage to ecosystems and affect people’s jobs.
- It is estimated there have been over 1,500 oil spills in the Niger delta region since 2007 which have had disastrous impacts on freshwater marine ecosystems. A Dutch Court in 2013 ruled that Shell is liable for damage to the Niger Delta (1.3 million tonnes of soil and water pollution by oil since 1956).
- Some economic developments in the Niger Delta have caused violent conflicts with local Ogoni people who own the land. Shell has extracted US$30 billion worth of crude oil from Ogoniland, but many of the people live without electricity or running water and have to live with poisoned land and fires from oil spills.
explain commercial farming and deforestation and effects
Commercial farming and inappropriate practices have led to land degradation. There is water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion and silting of river channels. The building of settlements and roads has destroyed habitats and added to CO2 emissions. Many species have disappeared because of deforestation, including cheaters and giraffes, and nearly 500 types of plant.
has economic development improved people’s quality of life in Nigeria?
- 30 years ago, Nigeria was at a similar stage of development as Malaysia and Singapore but since then these two countries have moved far ahead of Nigeria, despite its huge oil revenues as it has not been used effectively and the gap between the rich and poor has become wider
- there are increasing variations in development measures across the country with large differences in GNI per head, schooling and health especially between the north + south and urban + rural
- in 2000, Nigeria was placed among the ‘least developed nations’ in terms of wealth and education. in 2011, Nigeria has one of the highest average HDI improvements in the world over the last decade however it is still ranked 152/187 countries
- 60% of Nigeria’s population still live in poverty, 30% survive on less than US$1 a day and another 30% are just above this line
what is deindustrialisation
the decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to the exhaustion of raw materials, competition from NEEs where labour is cheaper, lack of investment and the loss of employment as machines now do much of the work of people
what is industrial base
the UK economy used to be based in manufacturing, and this industrial base allowed us to get rich and develop as a country
what is globalisation
the process which has created a more interconnected world, with increases in the movements of goods and people worldwide
what are government policies
these are the decisions made by a government to manage issues in a country and direct what that country does
causes of deindustrialisation in the UK
- Mechanisation (the use of machines) has taken place as businesses and farms began to replace many workers with machines as they are generally more reliable and cheaper to run.
- Some resources such as iron ore and coal have declined in availability in the UK or become uneconomic to mine, so employment declined and we began importing resources from abroad.
-Many of the UK’s secondary industries like arms manufacture and coal heavily polluted the environment and the costs involved with reducing this were high. - Many industries like coal have shut down as firms chose to import this and other resources from abroad where both labour and land were cheaper.
- The average annual wage in the primary and secondary sectors is low, making this an unattractive occupation for a highly educated and skilled workforce.
- Compared to other countries the UK’s manufacturing sector is less productive.
- Many factories in the UK have shut down and production has moved to LICs and NEEs, which have less educated workforces, limited health and safety or no minimum wage laws. This makes costs cheaper.
causes of globalisation in the UK
- Newly Emerging economies like China opened their countries to global business in the 1980s and many UK firms chose to move there.
- Much cheaper crops can be imported from countries overseas where mass production brings costs down and labour and land are both cheaper than in the UK.
- The UK Government in the 1970s and 1980s sold or privatised many of its primary and secondary industries to create more income. This resulted in the loss of many jobs in these industries e.g. steel making and coal.
- Many factories in the UK have shut down and production has moved to LICs and NEEs, which have less educated workforces, limited health and safety or no minimum wage laws. This makes costs cheaper.
causes of government policies in the UK
- Some primary industries have been affected by laws and treaties e.g. fishing is limited by quotas imposed by the European Union.
- The UK and EU have very strict laws for environmental pollution for businesses; this makes it expensive to make products here.
- Many UK governments have invested in the “knowledge economy” rather than primary and secondary industries.
- The UK government pumped nearly £5billion into high tech research and development in 2015.
- The UK has to follow European Union law. Policies limiting fishing and helping farmers mechanise cost jobs in primary industries.
- The UK Government in the 1970s and 1980s sold or privatised many of its primary and secondary industries to create more income. This resulted in the loss of many jobs in these industries e.g. steel making and coal.
causes of growth of IT, finance, research and science in the UK
- Computers allow large amounts of data to be stored and accessed quickly. Smartphones and tablets mean people can access this information anywhere.
- The internet enables people to communicate with each other instantly across the country and around the world so people can work from home, or in different countries to their colleagues.
- Newly Emerging economies like China opened their countries to global business in the 1980s and many UK firms chose to move there.
- Much cheaper crops can be imported from countries overseas where mass production brings costs down and labour and land are both cheaper than in the UK.
- The UK Government in the 1970s and 1980s sold or privatised many of its primary and secondary industries to create more income. This resulted in the loss of many jobs in these industries e.g. steel making and coal.
- Many factories in the UK have shut down and production has moved to LICs and NEEs, which have less educated workforces, limited health and safety or no minimum wage laws. This makes costs cheaper.
what are science and business parks
purpose built areas of offices, labs and warehouses that are often at the edges of a city near god transport links and science parks are often located near large universities
advantages of science and business parks
- the edge of a town means cheaper land
- business can benefit from being close together
- access is good on the edge of a city
- land may be available for expansion
- there may be skilled workers nearby
- edge of town locations are green and attractive
impacts of traditional industry on the environment
- visually unappealing so no one lives nearby and the local economy is impacted
- high waste which pollutes land and water
- uses raw materials and lots of CO2 emissions occur which increases the greenhouse impact
- emits greenhouse gases which warms the climate
- uses high amounts of energy
- takes a large land area which leads to deforestation and habitat loss which impacts biodiversity and plants can’t recycle the carbon emitted
why is the population of the Western Isles falling
it’s not very accessible for planes and boats which are weather dependant, and this deters people from the area so it is sparsely populated
the average summer temperature is 14 degrees and has an average of 1,100mm rain per year and this poor weather deters people from moving and visiting here
what are two social effects of rural population decline in the Western Isles
there are little schools and businesses there so quality of education is low as there aren’t many qualified teachers
people in the area have a strong community spirit and bonds as there aren’t many people there
what are two economic effects of rural population decline in the Western Isles
the average house price is just over £100,000 which attracts retirees seeking a quiet, relaxing environment
there is mainly a retire population there so they won’t work and bring in money to the economy however they may have a disposable income which they can spend there
why is Codicote’s population rising
more young couples in the village are having kids, adding to the population due to ofstead rated good or outstanding schools in the area
it is a commuter town so people working in London who don’t like the hustle and bustle of the city may live there and commute as it is near the A1(M)
what are two social effects of rural population increase in Codicote
there is an increased demand for businesses such as doctors, shops and schools however there may not be as many workers needed to fill these rules
it increases the sense of community within the village
what are two economic effects of rural population increase in Codicote
house prices have increased by over £150,000 in the past 5 years so this may deter people from moving into the area
wealthier people can contribute more to the village, allowing more businesses to open due to a disposable income
what is infrastructure
the basic equipment and structures that make our country function effectively
why is good transport infrastructure important for development
as it allows us to import goods from other places to sell as well as export goods to sell elsewhere and this means that the government gets money to invest into the economy for infrastructure and development
railway improvements in the UK
- HS2 (High Speed 2) – a £50 billion plan for a new high speed rail line to connect London with Birmingham and then to Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester. It may then be extended to Newcastle and into Scotland. The scheme is started in 2017 for completion in 2033. Many people are against the plan, as the route passes through several stretches of the countryside and close to many homes.
- Electrification of the Trans-Pennine Express Railway between Manchester and York, reducing journey times by up to 15 minutes and completing the electrified link between Liverpool and Newcastle.
- Electrification of the Midland mainline between London and Sheffield.
pos / neg of HS2
positives:
- It will create thousands of jobs in the Midlands and North of England.
- It is estimated that HS2 will help generate £40 billion for the UK economy.
- It will increase the number of rail passengers and make transport more sustainable.
- It will also reduce the number of people who fly between UK cities.
- It will be a faster way to travel between cities.
- It will be carbon neutral because it will reduce journeys that use other transport.
negatives:
- It is more likely to create jobs in London and people will commute there instead.
- The cost of HS2 is estimated at £42 billion and it is difficult to predict how much money it will generate.
- Existing rail routes could be improved to increase the number of passengers.
- The number of people flying within the UK is already falling.
- People do not want to travel any faster. Intercity routes are already fast.
- It will increase carbon emissions because high speed trains use more power.
road improvements in the UK
New road schemes will create thousands of construction jobs and boost local and regional economies. Plans included:
- 100 new road schemes
- 1300 new lane miles added to motorways and trunk roads to tackle congestion
- Extra lanes added onto main motorways to turn them into new ‘smart motorways’ and improving links between London, Birmingham and the north.
- The £2 billion road-widening project on the A303 which will create hundreds of construction jobs. Converting the route to dual carriageway, with additional improvements to connecting routes, will create a ‘super highway’ all the way to Plymouth and beyond. The scheme will involve digging a 3km tunnel beneath Stonehenge!
airport improvements in the UK
- The construction of a new fourth airport in the Thames Estuary and the expansion of either Heathrow or Gatwick.
- Heathrow is already the largest airport in the UK. By 2030 it could be expanded even further. A new runway would be built at an estimated cost of £18.6 billion. Heathrow almost operates at full capacity, with 480,000 flights a year.
pos / neg of the expansion of UK airports
positives:
- It will help London to compete with rivals like New York and Paris.
- The airport employs 76 000 people and supports a similar number of jobs in London.
- Expansion would boost the UK economy by over £200 billion.
negatives:
- It is already the largest emitter of CO2 in the UK. This will increase when the airport expands.
- Noise pollution will get worse for 1 million people who live below the flight path.
- One village will be demolished and two others threatened.
port improvements in the UK
About 32 million passengers travel through UK ports each year, and employ around 120 000 people. The UK’s largest ports are run by private companies which have invested heavily in the port infrastructure.
A new container terminal is being constructed at the Port of Liverpool. Known as ‘Liverpool2’, the scheme to construct a deep water quay on the River Mersey will cost about £300 million.
The project will more than double the port’s capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year to compete with other major UK ports. The terminal began operating in 2016 and will create thousands of jobs, boost the economy of the north west and reduce the amount of freight traffic on the roads.
examples of the north / south divide
price houses are around £200,000 higher in the south (over £400,000 in LDN but can be as low as £100,000 in the north)
GCSE results in the south of England are higher than the north - around 32% get 7+ in south compared to 20% in the south
features of the north
hills and mountains
slow population growth as people move south
most manufacturing was here until deindustrialisation
higher rates on unemployment
lower house prices as there is less demand
features of the north
flat, fertile farmland
faster population growth as people move here for work
higher rates of employment
higher house prices due to demand
strategies to reduce north / south divide (state)
improve transport links
invest in business and technology
devolve the powers of government
how will transport links help reduce the north / south divide
attract investment by:
- HS2 (rail between LDN and the north)
- upgrade of M62 cross Pennine motorway
- Liverpool deep water container port
- Mersey Gateway (6 lane toll bridge over the River Mersey)
this will reduce the divide by making it more connected to the rest of the country so cargo is easier to import and export as well as distribute around the county / city so there is more goods to sell which causes an increase in the government due to tax on these goods
how will investment in business and technology help reduce the north / south divide
the government are creating Enterprise zones in poorer northern areas to attract new businesses - so far 55 have been created which offer a range of benefits e.g reduced taxes, improves infrastructure and simpler planning regulations
£280 million of funding has been invested into regeneration of Salford Quays in Manchester and in 2011, BBC moved some departments to MediaCity UK
this reduces the divide by causing an increase in employment opportunities - allowing people to have a disposable income as well as attracting more people to the city
how will devolving the powers of government help reduce the north / south divide
devolving powers allows regions to use money on schemes that will benefit the local communities and in 2014, Manchester became the first city region outside London to sign a deal with the government to have its own elected mayor, who will have increased powers to plan and run the city. 27 more Northern towns and cities have been given limited extra powers in transport and planning through the City Deals system. £7 billion has been promised in future investment for the North and this has added political power for mayors and local leaders which allows them to make their own decisions to attract investment
this will reduce the divide as cities can decide what to do in their city and make their own investments instead of it being for the whole country which can cause the money to be focused in the south
global transport links in the UK
London Heathrow is one of the busiest airports in the world (last year over 75 million people used it to travel to over 80 countries). It is an important aircraft hub where people transfer between flights within Europe and worldwide. There are important transport links between the UK and mainland Europe via the Channel Tunnel, Eurostar and sea ferries which all provide onward travel across Europe. Over 10 million people use the Channel Tunnel every year, including haulage companies transporting goods between the UK and Europe. Southampton is a major port for cruise liners that take thousands of tourists around the world to destinations such as the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Huge freight ports around the country, including at Teesport and Thames port provide access for huge container ships for import and export of goods.
The flight routes from Heathrow reflect the parts of the world with which the UK has the most links, as a result of business, visiting family and friends and holidays.
They also reflect the parts of the world in which the UK has the most cultural and trade links. For example festivals such as Diwali and Eid are known in the UK due to its strong relationship with India.
links with the EU
In 1973 the UK became a member of the European Union (EU). The EU is an economic and political union that covers most of the European continent. There are 27 member countries. It is the world’s largest trading area.
The UK is no longer a member after a referendum in 2016 where we voted to leave. The future UK trade deal is undecided as yet. At the moment, the EU is still a very important part of the UK economy contributing to over £140 billion of the UKs exports.
When we were a member, we had the right to live and work in any member country. This meant that the UK experienced high levels of immigration, especially from countries in eastern Europe. These workers have taken jobs in the agricultural sector and in the NHS and are an important part of the UK workforce.
Benefits include financial support for farmers as in 2015, £18 billion was made to support dairy farmers in England and Wales. The European Structural and Investment Funds provide support for disadvantaged regions in the UK and sectors such as fisheries. The EU is the biggest single market in the world. Goods, services, capital and labour can move freely between member states and encourage trade.
Challenges include high unemployment and low wages in poorer EU countries - particularly in Eastern Europe - may lead to mass migration of workers to the UK. In 2013 over 200,000 immigrants (about 40% of total UK immigrants) came to the UK from the EU. The UK may have to support poorer member countries by paying more money to the EU. There are EU laws and controls on crime, pollution and consumers’ rights. These rules can be restrictive for individuals
links with the Commonwealth
The UK is a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary group of 53 countries, most of which were once British colonies. It is home to 2.2 billion people; that’s one in every three people in the world!
The Commonwealth aims to help its members cooperate in different ways to help each other develop and trade.
The Commonwealth includes some of the world’s largest, smallest, richest and poorest countries; India is the largest member country with a population of over 1 billion and Tuvalu (a Pacific island) is the smallest with a population of only 10,000.
The Commonwealth Secretariat represents Commonwealth countries and provides advice on a range of issues including human rights, social and economic development and youth empowerment. The secretariat aims to help governments achieve sustainable, inclusive and fair development. The heads of each country meet every two years to discuss items of common interest.
There are important trading and cultural links between the UK and Commonwealth countries. There are also sporting connections, with the Commonwealth Games held every four years.
global trade links in the UK
Trade involves the movement of goods and services across the world. This usually involves transport by air, sea, road and rail. The internet is becoming more important for trade, for example in finance, communications and and the creative industries. The UK’s most important trading links are with the EU. As a single market, goods can be traded between member states without tariffs. The USA is an important historic trading partner, with a recent growth in trade with China. The UKs overseas exports are worth over £250 billion a year.
Positives include the fact that businesses to grow more easily and quickly, either providing them with cheaper materials or access to more customers which can also increase profits. Disadvantages include language barriers as these can be a major issue, for example all packaging, advertising and branding may need to be accurately translated to other languages. If a business is buying or selling to another country, they may make errors if they are unable to communicate in the same language as well as the fact that each country has its own taxes and tax rates. Businesses operating in an international environment must pay each of these taxes, making finances more complex and expensive to manage.
Global cultural links in the UK
Culture is used to describe the value and beliefs of a society or group of people. It’s all about what makes a society special. Culture can include writing, painting or creativity in the form of
fashion, architecture or music.
The global importance of the English language has given the UK strong cultural links with many parts of the world. Globally,
350 million people speak English and the UK hosts thousands of foreign students each year to study the language e.g. 60,000 every year just from China alone.
Our culture attracts over 36 million tourists a year, who spend over £22 billion. Popular places to visit include; London, Stratford-upon-Avon, Edinburgh and Stonehenge.
Whenever you travel you will hear music, read books and watch films in the UK. Migrants have brought their own culture to
the UK. For example:
-Food such as Indian, Chinese and Thai
-Fashion from France and Italy
-Music from America and Africa
-Films such as Bollywood from India
-Festivals such as the Notting Hill Carnival
Today the UK is a multi-cultural society,
accepting people from many other countries.
Television is one of the UK’s most successful media exports, accounting for £1.28 million in export earnings. International sales of UK TV shows have almost quadrupled since 2004. Amongst the most successful recent programmes worldwide are Downtown Abbey, Dr Who and Sherlock. Shaun the Sheep, created by Aardman Animations in Bristol is now shown in over 170 countries.
UK music and film are also popular around the world, especially in English speaking countries such as the USA, Australia and New Zealand. The Chinese market is expanding rapidly, increasing by 40 per cent from the previous year to £17 million in 2013-14. The Harry Potter series (both books and film) is a great example of the cultural power of the UK.
Global electronic communication
99% of all internet traffic passes along a multi-billion-dollar network of submarine high-power cables. The UK is a focus for these sub-marine cables, with most of the connections between the USA and Europe routed through the UK. There is a further concentration in the Far East connecting Japan, China and other countries in the region.
Electronic communication is a vital part of the global economy
and fast reliable connections are essential. A project known as
Arctic Fiber will lay the first cables between London and Tokyo
via the Northwest Passage, linking Europe and Asia - a distance of 15,000 km! The main cable will operate at speeds of 100 gigabytes. The first phase was completed in 2016.
The UK is 24th fastest globally for internet speeds, with nearly 90% of UK residents using the internet everyday – despite variable speeds across the country.
why are some rural areas experiencing population growth
as more people are working from home which means that less people have to travel for work so are attracted to the rural areas to set up homes and families
how is GSK sustainable
- 200m2 of solar panels to generate electricity
- A regular bus service for workers around the site and to travel to and from work to promote public transport.
- Large south facing windows heat the building and make it energy efficient
- 70% of all GSK sites have zero waste.
- There are 2 wind turbines to generate electricity.
what is GSK
GSK is an example of an environmentally sustainable example of industrial development. GSK is a science and business park located in Stevenage and Ware
