urban issues Flashcards
what is urbanisation
-the increase in amount of people living in urban areas (towns/cities)
-most rapid in LICs/NEEs as HICs experienced it in the industrial revolution
-internal migration (rural-urban)= push factors of the countryside and pull factors of urban areas
causes of urbanisation
push factors:
-natural disasters
-conflict/war
-lack of opportunities
pull factors:
-more jobs
-better education
-increased QOL
other:
-natural increase= migrants are in fertile age groups OR lack of contraception/education
-lower death rates= higher life expectancy due to better healthcare
commuter settlements problems / benefits
problems:
-closure of services
-lack of public transport
-increasing crime
benefits:
-community can be revitalised
-increased business opportunities
what is urban sprawl / problems
-growth of towns/cities spreading into areas of the countryside
-often shown by the burgress model
-loss of habitats
-increased pollution
-loss of local village characteristics
what is counter urbanisation
-movement away from towns/cities towards rural areas
-E.g. Thame, Oxfordshire
-last 10 years= populations increased by 10%
-commuter settlement= train station has 700 parking spaces and 94 trains daily run to london
-less crime= 37 (2021) - london= 914 (2021)
what is the uk north-south divide
south:
-lower unemployment= 4.8% (2015)
-rapid population growth (natural multiplier effect)
-higher house prices
north:
-higher unemployment= 7.7% (2015)
-slow population growth
-lower house prices
EXCEPTIONS:
-Warrington, north england= 80% employed
-Dundee, scotland= 62% employed
urban industrial area
an area that is specifically developed to encourage industry
mexico city background
-population= 21million
-in 15years, MCs population has increased from 5mil to 10mil
-growth rate= 330,000 per year
-25% of mexicos population lives in MC
pull factors of MC
-wages in MC are 4x higher than in rural areas
-50% of mexicos manufacturing is in MC
-very few schools in rural areas
push factors of MC
-farming= main source of employment
-1/2 mexicos population have no healthcare
social opportunities in MC
-access to services= healthcare e.g. last 30years, life expectancy has risen by 6 years
-access to resources= water e.g. people with clean water access has risen by 10% in 20years
-literate population increased
economic opportunities in MC
-low unemployment rate of 4%
-employment structures
social challenges in MC
-shortage of houses- shanty towns e.g. Neza- 4mill residents
-unemployment= high competition for jobs - lower wages for long hours
-10,000 deaths a year from poor air quality
economic challenges in MC
-high unemployment = 50% in informal sector- long hours for less than a $1 a day, children worm
-44% in poverty
informal sector
work done without the official knowledge of the government
environment challenges in MC
-12,000 tonnes of chemicals released each day
-breathing is like smoking 60 cigarettes a day
urban planning to improve QOL in MC
-casa y ciudad
-isla urbana
-no hoy circula
casa y ciudad
-socio economic bottom up scheme
-NGO works with MC locals to improve living conditions by redeveloping homes with sanitations, electricity, rainwater harvesting
-residents also provided with plumbing and carpenting training
isla urbana
-4870 rainwater harvesting schemes implemented
-provides nearly 250million litres of water to locals
-less water drained from aquifers
isla urbana
-4870 rainwater harvesting schemes implemented
-provides nearly 250million litres of water to locals
-less water drained from aquifers
no hoy circula
-bans cars from being on the roads on certain days of the week depending on their license plate
-stops circulation of 20% of vehicles
-$130 fine for not complying
leicester background
-in the east midlands
-population increase = 330000 (2011) to 369000 (2021)
-2 major unis = student population over 40000
-28% people identify as indian
how has population increased in LC
-internal migration= 50000 students - more facilities created for young people (cinemas)
-natural increase= those who migrated were young (18-30) - fertile age groups
-lower death rate= better access to healthcare
social opportunities in LC
-lots of social attractions creates jobs
-Golden mile on belgrave- Diwali celebrations = diversity
economic opportunities in LC
-historically known for knitwear and hosiery (secondary industry)
-only 1.2% claimed out work benefits in 2017
environmental opportunities in LC
-council had a 20% greenhouse gas reduction target for 2020
-3 park and ride locations exists with buses
-LC makes up of 40% approx green space
social challenges in LC
-house prices increased due to house shortages= overcrowding
-urban deprivation= standard of living below that of majority involving hardships + lack of access to resources
economic challenges in LC
-unemployment higher= 12%
-housing inequality e.g. St Matthew’s compared to Hamilton
environmental challenges in LC
-urban sprawl= development on greenfield sites
-third highest air pollution figures outside of London
St matthews
-example of urban deprivation
-high unemployment
-high crime rates
-most income deprived neighbourhood in england
highcross
-2008 expansion of a smaller mall (The shires) to revitalise an underused area of brownfield sites
-£350 million
-includes restaurants, cinemas, car parks with 1000 spaces
social positives of highcross
-3000 low skilled jobs created
-employment for St matthews- for those with language barriers
economic positives of highcross
-other stores benefits
-improved rep for LC
-more taxes
negative impacts of highcross
-Granby street= full of independent stores fhat closed down e.g. Fenwicks
-increased traffic + jams at car parks
-highcross suffered a £63mill loss in 2021
water conservation
-rainwater harvesting
-dual flushes + greywater recycling
-educating people on using less water
energy conservation
-energy efficient homes= insulation, double glazed windows
-sainsburys uses solar pannels
-promoting renewable energy
urban transport stratergies
-park & ride= park cars on outskirts of cities then take buses into town
-London congestion charges= motorists are charged £11.50 for driving in the congestion zone, number of vehicles driving in CZ is 10% lower
-more cycle lanes= Santander bikes
why is managing transport important for urban sustainability
-particulate matter that causes death
-reduce congestion- less time wasted on travel
natural increase
when birth rate is greater than death rate
what is a greenbelt area
zone of land surrounding a city where new building ideas strictly controlled to prevent cities growing too much and fast
