urban issues

Question 1

what is urbanisation

Answer 1

-the increase in amount of people living in urban areas (towns/cities)
-most rapid in LICs/NEEs as HICs experienced it in the industrial revolution
-internal migration (rural-urban)= push factors of the countryside and pull factors of urban areas

Question 2

causes of urbanisation

Answer 2

push factors:
-natural disasters
-conflict/war
-lack of opportunities
pull factors:
-more jobs
-better education
-increased QOL
other:
-natural increase= migrants are in fertile age groups OR lack of contraception/education
-lower death rates= higher life expectancy due to better healthcare

Question 3

commuter settlements problems / benefits

Answer 3

problems:
-closure of services
-lack of public transport
-increasing crime
benefits:
-community can be revitalised
-increased business opportunities

Question 4

what is urban sprawl / problems

Answer 4

-growth of towns/cities spreading into areas of the countryside
-often shown by the burgress model
-loss of habitats
-increased pollution
-loss of local village characteristics

Question 5

what is counter urbanisation

Answer 5

-movement away from towns/cities towards rural areas
-E.g. Thame, Oxfordshire
-last 10 years= populations increased by 10%
-commuter settlement= train station has 700 parking spaces and 94 trains daily run to london
-less crime= 37 (2021) - london= 914 (2021)

Question 6

what is the uk north-south divide

Answer 6

south:
-lower unemployment= 4.8% (2015)
-rapid population growth (natural multiplier effect)
-higher house prices
north:
-higher unemployment= 7.7% (2015)
-slow population growth
-lower house prices
EXCEPTIONS:
-Warrington, north england= 80% employed
-Dundee, scotland= 62% employed

Question 7

urban industrial area

Answer 7

an area that is specifically developed to encourage industry

Question 8

mexico city background

Answer 8

-population= 21million
-in 15years, MCs population has increased from 5mil to 10mil
-growth rate= 330,000 per year
-25% of mexicos population lives in MC

Question 9

pull factors of MC

Answer 9

-wages in MC are 4x higher than in rural areas
-50% of mexicos manufacturing is in MC
-very few schools in rural areas

Question 10

push factors of MC

Answer 10

-farming= main source of employment
-1/2 mexicos population have no healthcare

Question 11

social opportunities in MC

Answer 11

-access to services= healthcare e.g. last 30years, life expectancy has risen by 6 years
-access to resources= water e.g. people with clean water access has risen by 10% in 20years
-literate population increased

Question 12

economic opportunities in MC

Answer 12

-low unemployment rate of 4%
-employment structures

Question 13

social challenges in MC

Answer 13

-shortage of houses- shanty towns e.g. Neza- 4mill residents
-unemployment= high competition for jobs - lower wages for long hours
-10,000 deaths a year from poor air quality

Question 14

economic challenges in MC

Answer 14

-high unemployment = 50% in informal sector- long hours for less than a $1 a day, children worm
-44% in poverty

Question 15

informal sector

Answer 15

work done without the official knowledge of the government

Question 16

environment challenges in MC

Answer 16

-12,000 tonnes of chemicals released each day
-breathing is like smoking 60 cigarettes a day

Question 17

urban planning to improve QOL in MC

Answer 17

-casa y ciudad
-isla urbana
-no hoy circula

Question 18

casa y ciudad

Answer 18

-socio economic bottom up scheme
-NGO works with MC locals to improve living conditions by redeveloping homes with sanitations, electricity, rainwater harvesting
-residents also provided with plumbing and carpenting training

Question 19

isla urbana

Answer 19

-4870 rainwater harvesting schemes implemented
-provides nearly 250million litres of water to locals
-less water drained from aquifers

Question 20

isla urbana

Answer 20

-4870 rainwater harvesting schemes implemented
-provides nearly 250million litres of water to locals
-less water drained from aquifers

Question 21

no hoy circula

Answer 21

-bans cars from being on the roads on certain days of the week depending on their license plate
-stops circulation of 20% of vehicles
-$130 fine for not complying

Question 22

leicester background

Answer 22

-in the east midlands
-population increase = 330000 (2011) to 369000 (2021)
-2 major unis = student population over 40000
-28% people identify as indian

Question 23

how has population increased in LC

Answer 23

-internal migration= 50000 students - more facilities created for young people (cinemas)
-natural increase= those who migrated were young (18-30) - fertile age groups
-lower death rate= better access to healthcare

Question 24

social opportunities in LC

Answer 24

-lots of social attractions creates jobs
-Golden mile on belgrave- Diwali celebrations = diversity

Question 25

economic opportunities in LC

Answer 25

-historically known for knitwear and hosiery (secondary industry)
-only 1.2% claimed out work benefits in 2017

Question 26

environmental opportunities in LC

Answer 26

-council had a 20% greenhouse gas reduction target for 2020
-3 park and ride locations exists with buses
-LC makes up of 40% approx green space

Question 27

social challenges in LC

Answer 27

-house prices increased due to house shortages= overcrowding
-urban deprivation= standard of living below that of majority involving hardships + lack of access to resources

Question 28

economic challenges in LC

Answer 28

-unemployment higher= 12%
-housing inequality e.g. St Matthew’s compared to Hamilton

Question 29

environmental challenges in LC

Answer 29

-urban sprawl= development on greenfield sites
-third highest air pollution figures outside of London

Question 30

St matthews

Answer 30

-example of urban deprivation
-high unemployment
-high crime rates
-most income deprived neighbourhood in england

Question 31

highcross

Answer 31

-2008 expansion of a smaller mall (The shires) to revitalise an underused area of brownfield sites
-£350 million
-includes restaurants, cinemas, car parks with 1000 spaces

Question 32

social positives of highcross

Answer 32

-3000 low skilled jobs created
-employment for St matthews- for those with language barriers

Question 33

economic positives of highcross

Answer 33

-other stores benefits
-improved rep for LC
-more taxes

Question 34

negative impacts of highcross

Answer 34

-Granby street= full of independent stores fhat closed down e.g. Fenwicks
-increased traffic + jams at car parks
-highcross suffered a £63mill loss in 2021

Question 35

water conservation

Answer 35

-rainwater harvesting
-dual flushes + greywater recycling
-educating people on using less water

Question 36

energy conservation

Answer 36

-energy efficient homes= insulation, double glazed windows
-sainsburys uses solar pannels
-promoting renewable energy

Question 37

urban transport stratergies

Answer 37

-park & ride= park cars on outskirts of cities then take buses into town
-London congestion charges= motorists are charged £11.50 for driving in the congestion zone, number of vehicles driving in CZ is 10% lower
-more cycle lanes= Santander bikes

Question 38

why is managing transport important for urban sustainability

Answer 38

-particulate matter that causes death
-reduce congestion- less time wasted on travel

Question 39

natural increase

Answer 39

when birth rate is greater than death rate

Question 40

what is a greenbelt area

Answer 40

zone of land surrounding a city where new building ideas strictly controlled to prevent cities growing too much and fast