changing economic world Flashcards
how is development classified
-Gross national income (GDP + incomes earned by UK nationals abroad - income earned in the domestic economy by non UK nationals)
-demographic transition model
-fertility rate, death rate, birth rate
-human development index
what is the DMT
shows how a country’s population changes as it becomes more developed, from subsistence farming cultured (LICs) to HICs
what is the gini coefficient
measures how wealth is distributed and shows the correlation between levels of development and how uneven the distribution of wealth is within a country
factors causing uneven development
-physical environment e.g. natural hazards= 1985- MC had the worlds largest earthquake (7.8)
-health e.g. diseases
-trade e.g. NAFTA
-history e.g. colonialism
employment structure
% of people employed in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors
mexicos employment structure
-15th largest economy in the world
-primary= 2bn tonnes of limes a year - 25% exported
-secondary= maquiladoras - over 1mn workers
-tertiary= 32 mn visitors year generating $43.5 mm daily - 800000 jobs directly, 1.2mn indirectly
why do employment structures change
-industrialisation
-mechanisation
-imports
-economic growth
-globalisation
transnational company (TNC)
huge company which is controlled from one head office and operate in countries all over the world
advantages of tncs
-1mn people employed in maquiladoras
-more than half workers earn enough money to own their own homes
-low unemployment rate of 1%
disadvantages of tncs
-low wages and long hours
-workers in mexico are paid 40% less than workers in china
advantages of tourism in mexico
-8.5% mexicos GDP
-800000 jobs directly, 1.2mn indirectly
-$43.5 mn spent daily
disadvantages of tourism in mexico
-30-50% locals lack access to clean water
-hotels produce waste e.g. lagoons have become polluted
does mexico need foreign aid -YES
-25mn workers earn less than $14 per day
-50% population in poverty
-6% people aged 15 cant read or write
does mexico need foreign aid - NO
-15th largest economy in world
-63% employed in tertiary
international development aid in mexico
-casa y cuidad= NGO scheme that builds safe homes (well-built,sanitation, access to clean water and electricity ) and train local plumbers, builders and carpenters
-the international monetary fund= provides mexico with debt relief ($4bn bailout)
NAFTA
north american free trade agreement= allowed free trade for mexico, canada and usa with tariffs and quotas removed
top down scheme
gov led scheme which is large scale and expensive with little involvement of local people
bottom up scheme
involves local populations, small scale and cheap with appropriate technology and sustainable materials
solutions to the development gap in mexico
-industrial development= factories create employment for its workers and taxes for the gov
-tourism (top down)
-fair trade
uk links
-ports= 120 ports in the UK - Dover is the largest
-heathrow= UKs busiest airport- 1 plane takes off every 45secs, 300000 employed
-2200 miles of motorways
uk global links
-commonwealth= 1922- britain ruled over an empire of 53 countries (20% worlds population)
-EU= 50% of exports and imports are to the EU and other 50% is to China and USA
- Brexit left EU in 2016
-more than 750000 international flights depart from UK
economic change in the UK
-Globalisation= economic growth, TNCs, cheaper goods, migration
-factories moved to LICs= loss of jobs, less taxes
de-industrialisation
-closure of traditional industries which employ thousands of people
-North east england= region affected badly as traditional industries moved away or closes
de-industrialisation in UK
-The ICL chemical plant (middlesborough) closed = 30,000 people redundant
-easington colliery closed in 1993= 1400 unemployed
-shipyards on river tyne closed as ships are made quicker and cheaper in japan
effects of de-industrialisation
-2011 census= people have lower incomes, poorer health, fewer qualifications
-residents are 25% more likely to claim benefits
modern industrial developments
-post-industrial economy= when manufacturing jobs have been replaced by jobs in the service industry
-M4 corridor
-cambridge science park
-toyota
M4 corridor
-area next to the M4 motorway running between london and south wales
-easy access, cheaper land
-access to Heathrow and unis
Cambridge science park
-one pf the UKs most high tech industries (over 1500 IT)
-near to heathrow= international links
-close to A14 and M11
-leisure facilities
-student accommodation
toyota, burnaston
-more than 1.5million cars are made each year in the UK by 7 large TNCs
-installed 17,000 solar pannels
-aim to reach 0 carbon emissions by 2050
-using rainwater harvestin
environmental impacts of cars
-particulates released
-39090 gallons of water used
-noise pollution
resolving regional differences: Liverpool background
-north east of england on the coast to the east of the Irish sea
-WW2= germany bombed ports and harbours (2500 dead)
-1985= unemployment rate= 20% double national average, crime was 4.5x higher national average
resolving regional differences: Liverpool investment
-£200,000 million invested
-albert dock gained world status
-1.4million visitors a week
-2500 jobs
-northern powerhouse railway= £3.4billion boost to the economy by 2040
transport scheme: railway upgrade plan
-a scheme to provide better, more frequent and faster journeys
-creation of a cross rail line called the Elizabeth line
-EL= cost £18.9 billion (tax money)- bringing 1.5mill people to central london
-in north= railway improvements enables 2000 extra services + allows 40,000 people to travel
transport scheme: London Gateway
-area of docks built on 3km stretch of coastline which reduces the distance of goods on the roads by 80km
-cost £1.5bn= 6 cargo ships containing 18,000 containers each can be unloaded
-removes 2,000 lorries from roads per day
-paper waste shipped back to china to help used in boxes
