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business/ geo <3 > geo case studies (physical) > Flashcards

geo case studies (physical) Flashcards

1
Q

Nepal earthquake (LIC) background + primary effects

A

-April 2015, 7.8 magnitude
-tourism is 8.9% of Nepals GDP
-9000 deaths
-500,000 homes destroyed
-26 hospitals destroyed
-50% schools destroyed

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2
Q

Nepal earthquake (LIC) secondary effects

A

-avalanche on Mt Everest killed 19 people
-loss of income from tourism

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3
Q

Nepal earthquake (LIC) immediate responses

A

-UK’s disaster emergency committee raised $126 million for aid
-Red Cross= tents for 225,000 people

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4
Q

Nepal earthquake (LIC) long term responses

A

-23 areas in need of rebuilding
-$274 million allocated to Nepal 8 months later

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5
Q

Japan earthquake (HIC) background + primary effects

A

-dec 2012
-7.3 magnitude
-2 deaths
-14 injured
-pipes damaged
-boards in roof of schools shifted

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6
Q

Japan earthquake (HIC) secondary effects

A
  • 1 metre high tsunami
  • caused one person to sail out to sea to evacuate and died
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7
Q

Japan earthquake (HIC) immediate responses

A

-plumber called to fix pipes
-carpenter fixed boards
-search party

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8
Q

Japan earthquake (HIC) long term responses

A

-prepare people, industries, emergency services
-earthquake resistant buildings

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9
Q

Typhoon Haiyan background + primary effects

A

-Nov 2013
-category 5 storm
-6340 killed
-5m storm surge
-314 km/hr wind speeds
-habitats & crops destroyed

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10
Q

typhoon haiyan secondary effects

A

-$14 billion damage
-water supply polluted
-130,000 houses destroyed = 4.2 mil homeless
-33mill coconut trees destroyed
-flood caused oil spill= affects mangroves

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11
Q

typhoon haiyan immediate response

A

-1069 emergency shelters set up
-disaster emergency committee helped 3 million people by providing aid
-uk aid charities provided shelters, food and medical aid

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12
Q

typhoon haiyan long-term response

A

-UN appeal raised $300 million
-typhoon warning systems improved
-education

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13
Q

typhoon haiyan predictions

A

-monitoring wind patterns allows path to be predicted- use satellites- so evacuation happens

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14
Q

typhoon haiyan planning and protection

A

-avoid building in high risk areas
-emergency drills
-evacuation routes
-reinforced buildings + stilts
-flood defences= mangroves, sea walls, levees.

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15
Q

beast from the east & storm emma (background)

A

-it was a larger area of freezing air moving towards Britain from the east
-feb-march 2018
-8200 collisions
-10 deaths= freezing temps- costs £1 billion per day

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16
Q

beast from the east & storm emma benefits

A

-social=winter sports + activities → e.g. snowboarding
-economic=demand for winter products → e.g. clothes,demands
-environment= improvised air quality reduces water usage

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17
Q

beast from the east & storm emma negatives

A

-social=disrupt daily routine + social isolation
-economic= increased energy + transportation disruption
-environment= air pollution from heating

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18
Q

summer heatwave & drought background

A

-june-aug 2018
-lack of rainfall=risk of fires → 50 homes evacuated
-highest temp= 35.5°C → 700 more people died

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19
Q

summer heatwave & drought benefits

A

-social=increased outdoor activities + sunlight exposure
-economic=demand for products + tourism
-environment= renewable energy for solar panel + reduced energy demand

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20
Q

summer heatwave & drought negatives

A

-social=discomfort
-economic=roads melted → £3.6 million + decreased agriculture
-environment= water scarcity

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21
Q

the river tees background and info

A

-located in the north of england
-flows 137km from the pennines to the north sea at red car
-tees are narrow and carry sediments
-bed load= big, angular rocks which become smoother and smaller
-tees have a high level of erosive energy (HA+A)

22
Q

geomorphic process of river tees (upper course)

A

-V-shaped valley, rapids and waterfalls
-highforce waterfalls drop 21m and is made from Whinstone (igneous) and softer limestones rocks
-Gradually a gorge is formed

23
Q

geomorphic process of river tees (middle course)

A

-meanders and ox-bow lakes
-meander near Yarm encloses town

24
Q

geomorphic process of river tees (lower course)

A

-greater lateral erosion creates floodplains and levees
-mudflats at the rivers estuary

25
Q

boscastle floods background

A

-small village, south west coast to the north of cornwall
-population= 700
-90% of income is from tourism
-river valency and jordan join
-responding schemes cost £4.6 million

26
Q

human causes of boscastle flood

A

-impermeable surfaces= prevent infiltration - shortens lag time
-narrow bridges blocked off by debris - dam effect

27
Q

physical causes of boscastle floods

A

-heavy rainfall (Aug 16th= 185mm)
-soil saturated
-steep sided valley

28
Q

social effects of boscastle floods

A

-50 homes destroyed
-150 vehicles swept away
-jobs lost

29
Q

economic effects of boscastle floods

A

-£85 million damage = sewage main burst
-25 businesses closed
-tourism increased

30
Q

soft engineering techniques responding to the boscastle floods

A

-widen river channels
-raising car parks
-encourage land owners to carry out vegetation

31
Q

hard engineering techniques responding to the boscastle floods

A

-artificially narrowing the river
-lower river bed by 0.75m
-new flood defence walls

32
Q

Hunstanton background

A
  • north west coast of norfolk
    -1953= storm surge
  • 307 deaths
  • 24000 homes destroyed
33
Q

geomorphic processes of hunstanton

A

-beach widens between hunstanton and heacham
-deposition at heacham= sand dunes
-shingles includes white chalk from from hunstanton cliffs
-LSD travels from hunstanton to heacham

34
Q

soft engineering at hunstanton

A

-sand dunes
-marram grass - adaptations= woody tissue (tough & strong), stems (grow quickly & elongate)
-beach nourishment ($15 million)

35
Q

hard engineering at hunstanton

A

-groynes= dont work (spaces in between gaps), sediments above groyne (works)
-sea walls

36
Q

landform at hunstanton

A

-wave cut platform= HA + A
1) sediments
2) red chalk
3) car stone= iron oxide rusts

37
Q

amazon rainforest background

A

-in south america from the atlantic oceans to andes mountains and covers 60% of brazil
-it has declined by 3.3 million sq km
-hot (20-28*C all year)
-convectional rainfall (2000m per year)
-tall, evergreen trees=vegetation dense - very little light reaches floor

38
Q

what is the nutrient cycle

A

1) trees shed leaves all year
2) decaying vegetation decomposes rapidly
3) nutrients enter soil
4) shallow roots take up nutrients
5) trees grow rapidly

39
Q

what is the water cycle

A

1) heavy daily convectional rainfall
2) trees intercept rain
3) some rain reaches the ground
4) trees take up water
5) water evaporates

40
Q

what are plants and animals adaptations in the amazon

A

-buttress roots= tall trees have this to support their trunks
-drip-tips= plants have thick, waxy leaves with pointed tip which avoid damage to the plant and repel rain
-parrots= strong sharp beaks to open nuts
-poison dart frogs= bright colours to warn predators away

41
Q

why deforestation happens in the amazon

A

-commercial farming (80%) e.g. cattle ranching
-subsistence farming= farming on a small scale for foods for tribes (slash & burn)
-logging e.g. mahogany for furniture
-hydroelectric power e.g. Balbina dam - 920 sq miles removed

42
Q

effects of deforestation (challenges)

A

-2030= 50% of all the species will be gone
-loss of carbon sinks + emissions of CO2
-medicines extracted from plants e.g. rosy periwinkle (leukemia) - 2/3 cancer treatments
-decline of indigenous tribes e.g. Amerindians = 6million now 1million

43
Q

how is the amazon protected

A

-debt reduction= HICs write off debts but money must be used to invest in amazon
-CITES (1978) (convention on international trade in endangered species) = inter-governmental agreements on trade & plants - protects 37000 species

44
Q

leicester background

A

-city in the east midlands of england
-population 330,000
-two major universities = 40000 students
-premiership football and rugby teams

45
Q

city opportunities in leicester

A

-social attractions e.g. shopping in city centre, diwali celebrations
-knitwear & hosiery =service sector is the largest employer (retail) & financial sectors
-20% greenhouse gas reduction target for 2020
-cyclepaths & bus routes

46
Q

city challenges in leicester

A

-house prices increased with greater house shortages = development of brownfield and greenfield sites
-high unemployment & inequality in housing in St Matthews
-increased decline of greenfield sites in oadby/birstall

47
Q

what is the highcross regeneration

A

-opened in 2008
-counteract decline in city centre shopping caused by fosse park
-£350million = include shopping, restaurants, cinema, parking

48
Q

positives of highcross

A

-3000 low skilled jobs created for St Matthews
-others stores like Tk Max, primark or zara benefit
-improved reputation

49
Q

negative impacts of highcross

A

-Granby streets full of independent shops closed e.g. Fenwicks dpt store
-increased traffic by car parks
-highcross suffered a £63million loss in 2021

50
Q

city opportunities in mexico city

A

-standard of living improves
-very low unemployment rates - 50% in manufacturing industry
-investment in sewage works to removed waste

51
Q

city challenges in mexico city

A

-house shortages slums developed e.g. Neza-chalco-itza
-50% work in informal sector
-12000 tonnes of waste
-water shortages
-more than 4 million cars leads to poor air quality (like smoking 60cigs per day)

52
Q

urban planning to improve QOL for urban poor in mexico city

A

-casa y cuidad = redevelop housing & provide residents with construction advice & train to help provide with long term jobs e.g. Azcapotzalco 75 homes rebuilt
-Isla Urbana rainwater harvesting, health centres & schools - 250million litres of water

business/ geo <3 (10 decks)

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