Urban Geography Unit 6 Flashcards
Urbanization is…
The movement of people to towns/cities and the resulting expansion of the rural countryside.
Percent urban is…
Proportion or the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas.
How do cities form and grow?
Through sites and situations that influence the origin, function, and growth of cities. Can be positive or negative.
A site is…
The physical qualities of the place that a city occupies.
A situation is…
The relative location of a city.
An example of a site is…
Chicago that has a flat topography, is closer to sea level, and the lake influences the temperature.
An example of a situation is…
Chicago is in the SouthWest corner of Lake Michigan and it South of Milwaulkee.
A megacity is…
Over 10M population and under 20M
A metacity is…
Over 20M population
(meTacity = Twenty)
A Megalopolis is…
A chain of connected cities with similar characteristics and transcend political boundaries.
A metropolitan area is…
A collection of adjacent cities across which the population density is high and continuous.
A metropolitan statistical area is…
A city of at least 50,000 people, the county it is in, adjacent counties with connections
Micropolitan statistical area is…
City of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000, county it is in, adjacent counties with a high degree of integration.
City proper is…
People living in the actual downtown area.
Suburbanization
Transformation of large areas or rural land to urban uses.
A suburb is
A residential area located on the periphery of a large city.
A suburban sprawl is
Unrestricted suburban growth and development over large areas spreading out from a city in which cars provide the primary source of transportation.
An edge city it a
Concentration of residential and economic (Business, shopping, entertainment) activities located in the suburbs. (ex: Bolingbrook)
An exurb is a
Residential areas beyond the suburbs often in rural areas.
(ex: Morris, IL)
A Boomburg is a
Residential and economic area that is not the largest in the area, has a population of over 100K, and is spread out along highways. (ex: Joliet, Aurora)
A world/global cities
Function at the top of the world’s urban hierarchy and drive globalization.
Networks are
Systems of interconnected nodes without a center. (People, goods, finance, information, transportation, communication, etc.)
Cities are connected globally by…
networks and linkages and mediate global processes.
Globalization is…
The process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture.
(World cities drive globalization)
A primate city is
A county’s largest city, and is at least 2x as large as the next biggest city and more than 2x as significant, usually capital, and represents the national culture.
(ex: Paris, or London)
Rank-size rule is…
The idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.E
Rank-Size rule example is…
Largest city = 1,000,000
Second largest city = 1,000,000/2
Third largest city = 1,000,000/3
.
Gravity is…
A measure of the interactions of people which is used to predict the movement of people.
Gravity examples.
Larger/closer together places have greater interactions than smaller further away areas.
Friction of Distance/distance decay apply here.
Christaller’s Central Place Theory is…
Explaining the distribution, size, location, and interaction of settlements in an urban system.
Explains how cities can be interdependent.
Interdependence is…
The dependence of two or more cities as interrelated networks, where one city’s growth affects the others.
Central Place is..
A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding areas.
Market Area/Hinterlands are…
The land surrounding the central place.
High order goods are…
Specialized items like jewelry, cars, and other things bought less often.
Low order goods are…
Products that are replenished frequently such as food, and other routine household items.
Settlements are…
Provide a set of goods to their hinterland
Smaller settlements are
Serve smaller market areas and only provide low order goods.
Larger settlements are…
Fewer and farther apart and serve a large market area, providing high and low order goods.
Threshold is…
The minimum number of people needed for a business to prosper and survive.
Range is…
The maximum distance people will drive to purchase goods and services.
Low density it…
Lots of residential homes, open spaces, with fewest people per geographic unit.
Medium density
Townhomes, single unit housing.
High Density
High rises, most people per unit.
Mixed Land Use
Land development that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, industrial, or institutional uses.
Walkability
A measure of how friendly an area is to walking.
Transportation-Oriented Development
land use pattern that includes a mix of commercial, residential, office, and entertainment space centered around or located near public transport, attracting people to connect communities
Smart-Growth Policies:
urban planning that avoids urban sprawl and focuses on long term implications with sustainable design initiatives and guides development into more convenient patterns and into areas where infrastructure allows growth to be sustained over the long term.
Green Belt
An area of natural land in which a building is restricted. Whose main purpose is to curb the outward expansion of a large urban area.
Slow Growth Cities
Concentrates growth in walkable areas to decrease sprawl.
Quantitative Data is..
Information about changes in population composition and size in urban areas.
Qualitative Data
Information about individual attitudes towards urban change.
Redining
a discriminatory real estate practice in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes in predominantly white neighborhoods , or a discriminatory banking practice of refusing to loan money to people in “risky” neighborhoods, creating a downward spiral in which poor neighborhoods become increasingly rundown.
Blockbusting
real estate technique to encourage people to sell their property at a very low price by giving the impression that the neighborhood was changing for the worse, especially in reference to minorities moving in and led to a significant turnover in housing which benefitted real estate agents and led to the “white flight” to the suburbs
Blockbusting can lead to…
Segregated neighborhoods, food deserts, etc.
Affordable Housing is..
Residential units that are economical for a section of society whose income is below the median household income.
Access to services is…
Measure of people’s ability to pay for services without financial hardship
Rising crime rates
Contributing factors include lack of job availability, less access to quality schools, and real or perceived lack of opportunity.
Environmental injustice
isproportionate exposure to communities of color and the poor to pollution and its effects on health and the environment; includes food deserts, inadequate transportation, unsafe neighborhoods with poor air and water quality.
Disamenity Zones
Area located within the city characterized by slums, the homeless, and in extreme cases are controlled by gangs.
Zones of abandonment
Areas with lack of jobs, declining land values, and falling demand that can cause people to leave and businesses to close.
Inclusionary Zoning
Planning ordinances that provide affordable housing to people with low of middle incomes.
Local food movements are…
food that is produced within a short distance of where it is consumed, often accompanied by a social structure and supply chain different from the large-scale supermarket system
Gentrification
the restoration of deteriorated urban areas by wealthier people who move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses.
Urban renewal
the redevelopment of areas within an urban area, typically neighborhoods in economic decline
