Agriculture Unit 4 Flashcards
What are Mediterranean climates like?
Hot/dry summer climate.
Mild winter and defined rainy season
Prevails in the shores of the Mediterranean, California, Oregon, central Chile, South Africa’s Cape, parts of Australia.
What are tropical climates like?
Hot, humid climate
Produces cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, and maize.
LESSON 4.1 (5.1 in GC) IS
EXAMPLES
Intensive farming is
Farming that uses a significant amount of money and labor. Intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems.
What is Market Gardening?
Small scale food production for sale at local markets.
What is plantation agriculture?
Plantation agriculture: Cash crops (cotton, sugar, coffee, tea) grown on large estates, usually for export.
What are mixed crop/livestock systems.
Growing cash crops while raising livestock at the same time.
Extensive farming is
Farming that uses smaller amounts of labor and money in relation to the land area. Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching.
What is shifting cultivation?
Slash and burn
Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings using a natural rotation system.
This helps to maintain biodiversity.
What are the steps for slash and burn
1) Forest vegetation is cleared by cutting and burning.
2) Result is a layer of ash that contributes to the soil’s fertility
3) Farmers move to another parcel of land when the soil becomes infertile.
What is nomadic herding?
Seasonal migration of domesticated livestock usually between highlands and lowlands.
Pastoralism
Transhumance - people move seasonally to follow the animals, native plants.
What is ranching?
The business of raising livestock like cattle or sheep.
What is land-use
Human organization of the environment, this can be urban, agricultural, rural, densely populated, etc.
What are the three classifications of rural settlement?
Clustered, dispersed, or linear.
A clustered pattern is…
Sometimes referee to as nucleated. In this pattern, the landscape is organized around some central node or focal point.
Housing and other structures are clustered close together.
A linear pattern is…
Can be identified when housing and other structures are organized along lines of transportation like roads, rivers, etc.
A dispersed pattern is…
Can be identified when housing and other structures are spaced farther apart from each other in no particular fashion.
EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFYING PATTERNS IN 5.2
Lesson 5.2
What does rural survey mean in agriculture?
How is the land or property divided up?
How are lines of transportation and other structures positioned?
Rural survey methods include…
Metes and bounds
Township and range
Long lot
Metes and Bounds are…
Irregularly shaped tracts that don’t conform to a rectangular system.
Relies on descriptions of land ownership in reference to natural features like streams and forests.
Food. in Europe and previously colonized areas.
Township and Range is…
Rectangular survey system used by the U.S. government to divide the land into a grid.
Designed by Thomas Jefferson to ensure farmlands were dispersed evenly across US farmland.
Leads to a dispersed pattern.
Long Lot is
Divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals giving each household equal access to water resources.
Common in French areas in the US.
Herat is a…
Point of origin where a crop was first grown.
Agricultural Hearth #1 - Fertile Crescent
The hearth of early agriculture and early civilization most credited with Southwest Asia.
Agricultural Hearth #2 - Indus River Valley
In South Asia, an agricultural civilization thrived in the Indus River Valley from 2500 - 1700 BCE. This group known as the Harappan civilization was based primarily in two large cities - Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro as well as in other towns and villages.
Agricultural Hearth #3 - Central/Meso America
In northern/Central America and into southern Mexico. People there grew sweet potatoes, beans and other crops. They also domesticated turkey. Maize later became a staple of the region. Its chief crops of the region are beans tomatoes, and potatoes. The people there also domesticated llamas, alpaca, and guinea pigs.
Agriculture diffused as a result of the
1st and 2nd agricultural revolutions.
1st revolution…
Nomads to farming ang villages.
2nd revolution…
New farming technology leads to larger scale food production.
2nd revolution has…
Larger scale food production…
Better diets
Longer life expectancies
More people available for work in factories.
How did the agricultural revolutions help?
Individual farms get bigger and produced more food…so the totals number of farms went down.
The green Revolution was…
Use of high yield seeds (hybrid and/or GMOs), increased use of chemicals, mechanized farming, and elaborate irrigation systems.
Positive effects of the Green Revolution
Increase in food supply
More crops grown on the same sized land
Improvement in variety
Technology to clear land.
Negative effects of the Green Revolution
Destroying local land and traditional modes of agricultural production
Decreasing biodiversity (hybrid seeds diminish local plant diversity)
Impact of chemicals
Subsistence Agriculture is…
Only enough food is cultivated to supply.
Commercial Agriculture
The production of crops for sale and profit.
Monoculture
Growing one crop in a farm system at a given time
Mono-cropping
Growing one crop in a farm system year after year.
Multi-cropping
Growing several crops in a farm system
Subsistence and Extensive =
Pastoral Nomadism
Subsistence and Intensive =
Terrace Farming, usually rice
Commercial and Extensive =
Cattle ranching
Commercial and Intensive =
Dairy farming
What is the Bid-Rent theory?
Various land users are prepared and able to pay for access to center marker. (CBD = Central Business District)
Value fo the land influenced by its distance from the market.
Further from the CBD, the lower the cost for the site.
Extensive farmers might need to be far from the CBD because they need more land space.
Agribusiness
A large-scale mechanized farming business that is controlled by corporate interests.
Agriculture is gradually being controlled by a small number of large corporations instead of many independent farmers.
Vertical Integration
The supply chain of a company is taken over by that company.
Commodity Chain
Activities involved in the creation of a product; design, production of raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, distribution.
How as Von Thunen?
A German economist living in the 19th century.
He created the Von Thunen model to explain rural land use in 1826.
Von Thunen’s method helps to explain rural land use by
Emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the. market. (Bid Rent Theory)
Spatial Organization of agriculture can be influenced by
Climate
Location of hearths
Level of development
Type of farming
Access to, or role in the Global Supply chain.
Cost of lad, distance from market, transportation
The Global Supply chain is…
A worldwide network to maximize profits in production.
Who supplies what?
Periphery countries are often dependent on one export product to sustain their economy.
LOTS OF EXAMPLES IN…
LESSON 5.9
What is pollution?
A process by which soil is contaminated using chemicals.
Pollution from livestock is…
Animal waste contaminating water sources
Chemicals on animal feed reaching soil or water sources.
What is land cover change?
Land cover change is a process by which agricultural areas are lost to development.
What is desertification?
A process by which fertile land becomes desert as a result of human activity. (Inappropriate agriculture/overgrazing)
What is soil salinization?
A process by which salt increases in the soil.
Poor irrigation practices
Too many chemicals.
What are conservation efforts.
Work to improve soil structure to protect against erosion and nutrient losses.
What is slash and burn
Clearing an area in a tropical forest for planting by burning the vegetation.
What is terrace farming?
Terraces are flat steps cerated on the sides of hills to create more land for farming.
What is irrigation
The artificial application of water to land for the facilitation of agriculture.
What is deforestation?
Clearing of the forest to make the land available for other uses.
What is draining wetlands
Drainage for agricultural practices.
What is pastoral Nomadism
Pasture land that is used for animal grazing.
Grazing over time will influence the nutrients of the land.
Agricultural Biotechnology
The use of scientific tools and techniques to modify plants and animals.
GMO’s (Genetically Modified Organisms) are…
Plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified often through a combination of DNA from similar plant of animal species for a desired trait.
What is aquaculture…
Raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries.
Value-Added foods are…
Foods that have increased in value due to alterations in production, size, shape, appearance, location, and or convenience.
Organic farming is…
Crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or genetically engineered seeds.
Urban farming is…
Healthier diets
Combat food insecurity
Increased sustainability
Foo Movements - Fair Trade
Trade between MDC and LDC in which fair prices are paid to the producers.
Bypassing multinational companies; more direct connection to farmers.
Food Movements - CSA (Community Supported Agriculture)
Individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that growers and consumers provide mutual support.
Dietary shifts are…
Movement from processed foods, meat, and sugars towards one more based in fruits and vegetables.
Food dessert is
Geographic area where large grocery stores are scarce or missing and residents have limited access to fresh nutritious foods. Typically found in urban, low-income neighborhoods.
What is Distribution Issues?
Increased demand for grain to be used to feed animals and for biofuels.
Weather is…
Agricultural production is affected by high temperatures, drought, flooding, storms, and freezes.
Suburbanization is…
Growth of residential areas.
The roles of females in food production distribution, and consumption is influenced by…
Types of production
Level of development
Cultural norms
location
Overall with women in agriculture…
Women are more involved than ever before in agricultural regions that are primarily practicing subsistence agriculture.
In commercial agriculture, women are…
Not as involved in agriculture
